This article presents and illustrates a proposed application of concept maps in chemistry teaching in high schools. The students were provided with the "concept lables" necessary for map building in three different ways. The analysis of the students' maps at different stages of the learning process led to the recognition of the three types of cognitive events which seem to correspond to the same number of restructuring stages in the conceptual organization. This can enable the teacher to characterize the changes produced in the learners' conceptions by teaching / learning activities. Three examples of the use of concept maps in chemistry teaching are reported and discussed with reference to: atomic structure, oxidation-reduction and thermodynamics.
A novel didactic sequence is proposed for the teaching of chemical equilibrium. This teaching sequence takes into account the historical and epistemological evolution of the concept, the alternative conceptions and learning difficulties highlighted by teaching science and research in education, and the need to focus on both the students’ learning process and the knowledge to learn.
Throughout the centuries, the concept of element has undergone a clear evolution from a strictly philosophical area to the scientific domain, although the conceptual progress has not always gone along with a terminological evolution. Some inconsistencies in the definition of element can be found in several precollege and university-level textbooks, which creates confusion about the concepts of element and of simple substance and raises a teaching problem. In this paper, a survey of the historical evolution of the idea of element is followed by the critical review of some definitions of element found in the scientific literature and in textbooks. We discuss a definition of element consistent with current scientific knowledge that overcomes the ambiguity between the concepts of element and simple substance at the level of instruction.
A didactic sequence is proposed for the teaching of chemical\ud equilibrium law. In this approach, we have avoided the kinetic derivation and the thermodynamic justification of the equilibrium constant. The equilibrium constant\ud expression is established empirically by a trial-and-error approach. Additionally, students learn to use the criterion of comparison between equilibrium constant and reaction quotient to predict the direction of reaction. The teaching sequence takes into account the alternative conceptions and learning difficulties highlighted by teaching and research in science education and the need to focus on both the students’ learning process and the knowledge on how to learn
les sujets accordent très peu d'importance à la dimension sociale des sciences et aux aspects créatifs de l'activité des scientifiques. Les résultats sont discutés du point de vue aussi bien de l'enseignement des disciplines scientifiques que de la formation des enseignants.Pendant les vingt dernières années, les chercheurs en didactique se sont beaucoup intéressés au problème de rendre efficace l'enseignement des sciences expérimentales. Les approches proposées découlent d'une conception "constructiviste" de l'apprentissage, d'après laquelle les connaissances sont le résultat d'opérations cognitives d'un sujet intellectuellement actif. L'apprenant ne reproduit pas simplement ce qu'on lui apprend, mais il construit des signifiés ; il n'est pas une "cire molle" sur laquelle l'enseignant peut laisser la marque du savoir, tout sujet étant porteur de conceptions lui permettant de donner du sens aux événements de son expérience quotidienne. Du point de vue pratique, le constructivisme a suggéré un véritable changement de l'enseignement traditionnel des sciences expérimentales, en proposant une nouvelle conception de l'apprenant et des activités de la classe. Le premier un modèle est placé dans la situation de coacteur d'un processus de d'apprentissage construction de connaissances au sein d'une communauté d'apprenants engagés dans la résolution de problèmes où l'enseignant joue le rôle d'expert. La classe est vue comme un laboratoire de recherche permettant aux apprenants de mettre en oeuvre les démarches des scientifiques dans la construction de connaissances. L'apprentissage se produit à la suite d'une "déformation intellectuelle" où interagissent informations et structure mentale, cette déformation débou-chant sur une mutation radicale de la structure mentale et
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