Sustainable effect of a nitrogen‐fixing bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti on nodulation and photosynthetic traits (phenomenological fluxes) in four leguminous plants species under low moisture stress (20–25% soil moisture content) environment was studied. Sinorhizobium  meliloti was isolated from fenugreek (Trigonella foenum‐graecum) root nodules, and later, it was cultured and purified. Nodulation and photosynthetic ability in the presence of S.  meliloti were tested in four leguminous plant species, that is, kidney bean (cv. lobia‐2000), black bean (cv. NM‐97), mung bean (cv. NM‐2006) and chickpea (cv. Pb‐2008). Plants of each species were grown in sterilized soil that was previously treated with 25 ml suspension containing S.  meliloti at 41 × 106 CFU ml−1 kg−1 pot. One‐month‐old plants were subjected to low soil moisture stress conditions for 15 days, and soil moisture contents were maintained to 20–25% throughout the experimental period. The ability to fix nitrogen, nodule formation, and their subsequent effect on phenomenological fluxes in low moisture treated legumes were studied.

A total number of 48 male growing New Zealand rabbits were used to study the effect of two different levels of ration energy supplemented with mixture of Lupinus albus L, Trigonella foenum-graecum L and Cassia senna L as feed additives. Rabbits were classified into four equal groups (G 1 -G 4 ). The 1 st and 3 rd groups received basal ration with 100 % and 90 % energy requirement and served as first and second control respectively. The 2 nd and the 4 th groups received basal ration with 100 % and 90 % energy requirement supplemented with mixture at the level of 1.5 %, respectively. The results showed that decreasing energy requirements level by 10% in rabbit diets significantly (P<0.05) increased the digestibility coefficients of DM, OM, CP and NFE & DCP values. The 90% energy level insignificant increased (P>0.05) CF and EE digestibility coefficients and TDN value. The 90% energy requirement with 1.5 % additives mixture (G 4 ) recorded the best digestibility coefficients of DM, OM, CP, CF, EE, NFE and nutritive values of TDN and DCP. The 90% energy level significantly (P<0.05) improved feed conversion (g intake /g gain) of DM, CP, DCP, TDN and DE, respectively compared to control. Adding mixture at 1.5 % level significantly (P<0.05) improved feed conversion (g intake /g gain) of DM, CP, DCP, TDN and DE, respectively compared to control. The 90% energy with 1.5% additives mixture (G 4 ) recorded the best values of final body weight, body weight gain, and average daily gain as well as feed conversion.Additives mixture at 1.5% level significantly (P>0.05) increased the total inedible offal's (weight and % of SW) and Dm contents of the 9, 10 and 11 th ribs. The 90% energy level with 1.5% additives mixture (G 4 ) diet recorded the highest value of relative economic efficiency (145.1%) and the lowest value of feed cost/ kg live body weight (3.97 LE).It can be concluded that this mixture of medicinal plants can be considered as growth promoter that is effective for improving the utilization of low energy diet by lowering circulating glucose levels through enhancing insulin sensitivity.

This work aimed to study the effect of two different levels of ration protein supplemented with Radish (Raphanus sativus L) seeds (RS). Rabbits were classified into four equal groups (G1-G4). The1 st and 3 rd groups received basal ration with 100 % and 90 % of protein requirement level and served as first and second control respectively. The 2 nd and the 4 th groups received basal ration with 100 and 90% of protein supplemented with RS at the level 1.5%, respectively. The 90% of protein level significantly (P<0.05) increased the DM, OM, CP, CF and EE digestibility and TDN value as well as significantly (P<0.05) decreased the digestible CP in comparison with the100% requirements. The 90% of protein level significantly (P<0.05) increased the TDN intake. The 100% of protein level significantly (P<0.05) improved the feed conversion (g intake /g gain) of DM, TDN and DE (kcal/h/d). The 90% of protein level insignificantly (P>0.05) improved the final weight, total body weight gain, ADG (g), feed intake as DM, DCP, DCP (g/day) and DE (kcal/h/d) and feed conversion (g intake /g gain) of CP in comparison with the 100% of protein requirements.Radish seeds (RS) at 1.5% level significantly (P<0.05) increased all nutrient digestibility coefficients and nutritive values compared to the control diet. There were significant (P<0.05) interactions between the protein and RS levels on all nutrient digestibility coefficients (DM, OM, CP, CF, EE and NFE) and nutritive values of TDN and DCP. The 90% of protein level + 1.5 % (RS) showed the best digestion coefficients of DM, OM, CP, CF, EE and NFE and TDN value. The 100% of protein level + 1.5 % Radish seeds (G 2 ) showed the highest value of DCP. Supplementation Radish seeds at 1.5% level significantly (P<0.05) improved feed intake as DCP and TDN (g/day) while, it significantly (P<0.05) decreased feed conversion (g intake /g gain) of TDN. Adding Radish seeds at 1.5% level insignificantly (P>0.05) increased the final weight, total body weight gain, average daily gain (ADG); feed intake as DM, CP (g/day) and DE (kcal/h/d) and feed conversion (g intake /g gain) of DM, CP and DE (kcal/h/d) compared to the control diet. The 90% of protein requirement with supplementation Radish seeds at 1.5% level recorded the best values of final weight, total body weight gain, average daily gain, feed intake (g/h/day) of DM, DCP, TDN and DE and feed conversion feed conversion of DM, CP and TDN (g intake/ g gain) and DE (Kcal intake /g gain). There were interactions between protein and supplementation levels on DM, DP, TDN and DE intakes and feed conversion (g intake/ g gain) of DM, CP, TDN and DE. There were significant (P<0.05) interactions between protein and supplementation levels on carcass characteristics such as www.ccsenet.org/jas Journal of Agricultural Science Vol. 4, No. 3; 2012 ISSN 1916-9752 E-ISSN 1916 282 digestive tract; edible offal's weight (head and testes, weight and % of SW) and dressing percentages expressed as CW1/ SW and DM of the 9, 10 and 11 th ribs. Rabbits fed on diet...

This work aimed to study the effect of two different levels of ration energy supplemented with Alpinia officinarum. Rabbits were classified into six equal groups (G1-G6). The 1 st and 4 th groups received basal ration with 100 % and 90 % energy requirement and served as first and second control respectively. The 2 nd and the 3 rd groups received basal ration with 100 % energy requirement supplemented with Alpinia officinarum at the level of 0.5 and 1.0 %, respectively. The 5 th and 6 th groups received basal ration with 90 % energy requirement with Alpinia officinarum at the level of 0.5 and 1.0 %, respectively. The 90% energy containing diet showed significant increased (P<0.05) in DM and CF digestibility, while EE digestibility was significantly (P<0.05) decreased. Lesser galangal as feed additives showed significant (P<0.05) increased in DM, OM, CF, NFE digestibility and TDN value. There were significant interaction values between energy and supplementation levels on digestibility coefficient of DM, OM, CF, EE, NFE and TDN value. Supplementation of Lesser galangal at 0.5 % or 1% significantly increased final body weight gain, ADG, feed conversion, while slightly decreased feed intake. The 90% energy and 1% lesser galangal (G 6 ) recorded the best values of final body weight, body daily weight gain and feed conversion.The interaction values between energy and lesser galangal levels significantly increased (P<0.05) the carcass weight, dressing percentages and carcass cuts. The 90% energy and 1% lesser galangal (G 6 ) recorded the best values of carcass weight, dressing percentages and carcass cuts. Lesser galangal significantly (P<0.05) decreased the lungs (weight and % of SW); content of stomach and empty of small intestine (weight and % of SW). The interaction values between energy and lesser galangal levels significantly (P<0.05) increased the liver and total internal offal's (% of SW); lungs, full and content of stomach as well as digestive tract content (weight, g and % of SW). Dietary 90% energy requirements with 0.5 % or 1% lesser galangal showed the high values of net revenue, economical efficiency and relative economic efficiency, while recorded the low value of feed cost/ kg live body www.ccsenet.org/jas Journal of Agricultural Science Vol. 3, No. 4; December 2011 ISSN 1916-9752 E-ISSN 1916 242 weight (LE). Rabbits received the 90 % energy requirement with 0.5 % lesser galangal recorded the highest value of relative economic efficiency (111.4%) and the lowest value of feed cost/ kg live body weight (5.45 LE).

total number of 150 unsexed seven day old Mulard ducks were randomly classified into three equal groups of 5 replicates (10 ducklings each). The 1 st group received the basal diet and served as control group (G1). The other two groups (G2 and G3) received the basal diet supplemented with Moringa oleifera as feed additive at the level of 1 and 2%, respectively till age 10 wks. The results showed that dietary Moringa oleifera leaves (MOL) at 1% significantly increased the final body weight by 9.5%, the daily body weight gain by 9.4% and the daily feed intake by 6.14%, respectively compared to the control group. Moringa oleifera at 2% significantly decreased the final body weight by 6.7%, the body weight gain by 7.0% and the feed conversion ratio by 7.9%, while showed significant increase in liver weight by 1.6%, the gizzard weight by 13.2%, the giblet weight by 7.5%, the edible parts by 6.4% and the non edible parts by 13.3%, respectively compared to the control group. Feeding MOL at 1% significantly increased the total protein by 13.7%, the albumin by 20.5% and the globulin by 7.4% respectively, compared to the control group. Dietary MOL at 1 and 2% MOL significantly decreased the cholesterol level by 39 and 25%, the triglycerides by 41.3 and 16%, the total lipids by 23.5 and 19.6% as well as decreased the alkaline phosphatase activity by 64.2 and 28.1%, the AST by 31.3 and 41.5% and the renal creatinine by 23.5 and 19.6% respectively, compared to the control group as well as the ALT significantly (P<0.05) decreased by 35.8 with 1% MOL while increased by 18.2% with 2% MOL. It could be concluded that 1% of MOL levels was better results than 2% level.