Resilience thinking is increasingly promoted to address some of the grand challenges of the 21st century: providing water, energy, and food to all, while staying within the limits of the Earth system that is undergoing (climate) change. Concurrently, a partially overlapping body of literature on the water–energy–food (WEF) nexus has emerged through the realization that water, energy, and food systems are intricately linked—and should therefore be understood and managed in conjunction. This paper reviews recent scientific publications at the intersection of both concepts in order to i) examine the status quo on resilience thinking as it is applied in WEF nexus studies; ii) map the research landscape along major research foci and conceptualizations; iii) and propose a research agenda of topics distilled from gaps in the current research landscape. We identify key conceptualizations of both resilience and nexus framings that are used across studies, as we observe pronounced differences regarding the nexus’ nature, scope, emphasis and level of integration, and resilience’s scope, type, methodological and thematic foci. Promising research avenues include i) improving the understanding of resilience in the WEF nexus across scales, sectors, domains, and disciplines; ii) developing tools and indicators to measure and assess resilience of WEF systems; iii) bridging the implementation gap brought about by (governing) complexity; iv) integrating or reconciling resilience and nexus thinking; v) and considering other development principles and frameworks toward solving WEF challenges beside and beyond resilience, including control, efficiency, sustainability, and equity.

Reflectance and emittance spectra have been used for many years to obtain compositional information about the Earth's surface. Electronic transition and charge transfer processes associated with transition‐metal ions such as Fe, Ti, Cr, and so on produce diagnostic absorption features in the visible and near‐infrared (VNIR) wavelength region of the spectra of minerals and rocks, while vibrational processes in H 2 O and OH − produce fundamental overtone absorptions in the shortwave infrared (SWIR) portion of the spectrum. Field and laboratory studies have demonstrated that reflectance spectroscopy can be used for mineral identification and further geological studies. The translation of these measurements to imaging data led to the development of the field of imaging spectrometry in remote sensing. Imaging spectrometers acquire images in a large number of narrow contiguous spectral bands to enable the extraction of reflectance spectra at a pixel scale that can be directly compared with similar spectra measured either in the field or in a laboratory. In this chapter, the use of imaging spectrometer data for geological applications is discussed by describing the processing chain of data analysis from the raw data acquisition to prospective applications. Several topics are addressed. An appraisal of future spaceborne imaging spectrometer missions and potential prospective applications provides insight into this vastly growing field of research.

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