The purpose of this study was to assess the epidemiology and some of the possible risk factors causing oral cleft in Tehran. The study was a 7-year retrospective study from March 1998 to March 2005. Twenty-five live births with cleft lip and/or palate (CL+/-P) were born between 20 March 1998 and 20 March 2005 from the total of 11,651 live births in a maternity hospital in Tehran. After recognizing the child as a cleft patient, previous and following children born were recognized as a noncleft sample. Cleft and noncleft samples were compared for variables such as gender, mother's age, parity, consanguineous marriage and infant's weight, and then analyzed with Chi-square. The overall incidence was 2.14 per 1000 live births. CL+ P is more prevalent, which was 52% and the least incidence was for "only cleft lip'' patients, which was 12%. This study reveals that the incidence of oral clefts in Tehran is higher than many other countries. Consanguineous marriage and low birth weight in cleft group were significant statistically from those of noncleft group.

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The purpose of this study was to utilize the Context, Input, Process and Product (CIPP) evaluation model as a comprehensive framework to guide initiating, planning, implementing and evaluating a revised undergraduate medical education programme. The eight-year longitudinal evaluation study consisted of four phases compatible with the four components of the CIPP model. In the first phase, we explored the strengths and weaknesses of the traditional programme as well as contextual needs, assets, and resources. For the second phase, we proposed a model for the programme considering contextual features. During the process phase, we provided formative information for revisions and adjustments. Finally, in the fourth phase, we evaluated the outcomes of the new undergraduate medical education programme in the basic sciences phase. Information was collected from different sources such as medical students, faculty members, administrators, and graduates, using various qualitative and quantitative methods including focus groups, questionnaires, and performance measures. The CIPP model has the potential to guide policy makers to systematically collect evaluation data and to manage stakeholders’ reactions at each stage of the reform in order to make informed decisions. However, the model may result in evaluation burden and fail to address some unplanned evaluation questions.

Objective: We investigated a long outbreak of a nosocomial infection of Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) of Vali-Asr Teaching Hospital in Tehran, Iran. Methods: Within 19 months period, 25 neonates infected with A. baumannii were discovered. We divided the outbreak period into two groups according to the time they were infected. Group 1 was comprised of cases infected with A. baumannii from February to May 2016 (12 cases), and group 2 was neonates infected from November 2014 to January 2016 (13 cases). Identification of A. baumannii was executed by the phenotypic standards. Logistic regression analysis and Multiple Correspondence Analyses (MCA) were used for comparison of groups with various variables. Results: This outbreak had a common source with intermittent exposure, it ascended gradually and plateaued. Overall, 68.0% of the neonates had a birth weight of 2,499 g or less, and 84% were born preterm. Of the 25 infants, bloodstream involvement was present in 8 (66.7%) and 10 (76.9%) (p-value=0.450), and infection in trachea occurred in 7 (53.8%) and 3 (25.0%) (p-value=0.144) in group 1 and 2 respectively. In multiple logistic regression analysis, the number of prescribed antibiotics had a significant positive effect on increasing the slope in the epidemic curve (Group 1). The first and second dimensions presented in MCA were 54.25% and 20.45% respectively. Three categories concluded prescription of amphotericin, fluconazole, and being in group 1 was placed in very close coordination both in dimension 1 and 2. Conclusion: It seems that the antifungals and number of prescribed antibiotics played an important role in intensifying the outbreak of A. baumannii infection.

Context:Diet is an important component of life and plays a key role in the prevention or development of non-communicable diseases. The aim of this systematic review was to determine different dietary patterns and their association with non-communicable diseases in Iranian women. Evidence Acquisition : Sources of Information: an electronic literature search was conducted on websites such as Pubmed, Science direct, Google scholar, Sid, and Iranmedex to identify original human studies, published in English and Persian up to August 2013 that included keywords or phrases relevant to the aim of this study. Results: Studies were classified into eight groups according to their objectives and outcomes, including the relationship between dietary patterns and aspects such as bone mineral density, metabolic syndrome, obesity, cardiovascular disease, cancer, markers of inflammation, hypertension, coagulation abnormalities, life style and factor analysis. Compared to healthy dietary patterns, the western and Iranian patterns were positively associated with conditions related to non-communicable diseases. The dietary approach to stop hypertension (DASH) is rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat dairy products, and is low in saturated fat, total fat, cholesterol, refined grains, and sweets. This diet is associated with greater high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and lower body weight, waist circumference, fasting blood glucose, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Conclusions: Adherence to a healthy dietary pattern is expected to secure a protective effect against non-communicable disease.