Background: Co-infection of malaria and typhoid can result in serious complications and conditions in pregnant women.

Antibiotic resistant bacteria pass between humans, between animals and between humans and animals in both directions, the use of antibiotics in poultry has contributed to multiple antibiotic resistant in pathogenic bacteria and use of two antibiotics might prevent the emergence of resistance to either. In this study, synergistic effect of combined antibiotics against multidrug resistant human pathogenic bacterial isolates from poultry droppings in Akure, Nigeria was examined. Collection of samples, isolation and identification of bacteria were carried out using standard microbiological method, antibiotic sensitivity test was performed by disc diffusion method and zone of inhibition was used to interpret the sensitivity test as resistant, susceptible or intermediate while combined effects of two antibiotics were investigated by macrobroth dilution and checkerboard assay methods while the synergetic effects of combined antibiotics were calculated using Fractional Inhibitory Concentration (FIC) and percentage synergistic interaction was calculated. All the ten (10) species of bacterial isolates were multidrug resistant and are less resistant to ofloxacin. The highest percentage synergistic interactions observed were Ofloxacin + Amoxicillin (90%), Ciprofloxacin + Amoxicillin (90%), Tetracycline + Amoxicillin (70%), Tetracycline + Augmentin (80%), Cotrimoxazol + Amoxicillin (50%), Cotrimoxazol + Augmentin (70%), Chloramphenicol + Amoxicillin (70%) and Chloramphenicol + Augmentin (80%). Poultry droppings is a potential source of human pathogenic bacteria, high frequency of multiple antibiotic resistance bacteria observed in this study is of great treat to man as this may cause the treatment of infection caused by these bacteria to be difficult. Combination of beta-lactam antibiotic with fluoroqunolones, tetracycline, Chloramphenicol and Cotrimoxazole was synergetic and this will reduce dose related toxicity and prevent resistance to single antibiotic. How to cite this paper: Omoya, F.O. and Ajayi, K.O.

In this study, the effect of exposing entomopathogenic bacteria isolated from macerated termite cadavers to varying intensities of a magnetic field for different periods of time on their pathogenic potential was examined; pathogenicity tests were carried out for each of the bacterial species. Two of the bacteria, Bacillus subtilis (Ehrenberg) Cohn and Serratia marcescens Bizio, were able to induce morbid effects on termites and both were re-isolated from the resulting cadavers. Reinfection using different concentrations of both bacteria was carried out on termites to determine the minimum lethal concentration required for pathogenicity. Bacillus subtilis was able to degenerate the termites at concentration values of 10 8 colony-forming units (cfu)/ml and S. marcescens at 10 7 cfu/ml. Both bacteria were then exposed to magnetic fields of different intensities for different periods of time, after which they were used for reinfection of healthy termites. Postinfection study after the exposure of termites to magnetic field-treated bacterial cells revealed no reduction in the entomopathogenic potency of S. marcescens. As the extensive use of chemicals to control insect pests has been found to have detrimental effects on people and the environment, there is a pressing need to discover and develop new entomopathogens to control these insects biologically. Therefore, bacteria discovered in this study to have entomopathogenic potency against termites may be further studied and formulated into either powdery forms or suspensions to be applied to infested wood or wood products.

No abstract

No abstract