Background and aims: Many findings have shown the potential relation between osteocalcin (OCN) and regulating energy metabolism. In addition, it has been revealed that physical activity increases OCN levels. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of different exercise trainings on β-cell function, insulin resistance, and OCN levels in overweight men. Methods: In this study, 33 overweight, young men [Body mass index (BMI): 29.32±0.75 and age range of 31.50±2.23] were randomly divided into control (n=11), aerobic exercise (n=11), and resistance exercise (n=11) groups. Participants of the exercise group were on the 8-week supervised exercise training program for three sessions per week. Weight, body fat percentage, and BMI were analyzed, and then OCN, insulin, and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were assessed from fasting blood samples before and after the 8-week exercise program. Finally, data were analyzed by t test and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Results: Based on the results, BMI and body weight, insulin, glucose, and HOMA-IR reduced following the exercise (P<0.05) whereas serum OCN significantly increased in aerobic exercise (P=0.001) and resistance exercise (P=0.000) groups. There were no significant changes in β-cell function in aerobic exercise (P=0.512) and resistance exercise (P=0.16) groups. Pearson correlation analysis demonstrated that OCN levels were not correlated with HOMA-IR (P=0.743) and insulin levels (P=0.143). However, OCN was positively associated with the homeostasis model assessment of b-cell function (P=0.014) and glucose (P=0.025). Conclusion: The results of the present study confirmed that aerobic and resistance exercises cause some changes in body weight and BMI, as well as the OCN and HOMA-IR. Nonetheless, changes in OCN levels were not predictors of changes in insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells.

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Background & objectives: Dynamic disorders of mitochondria cause the pathogenesis of many diseases, such as type 2 diabetes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the interactive effect of aerobic exercises and atorvastatin consumption on the expression of MFN1/2 and DRP1 in hepatocytes of rat liver with type 2 diabetes. Methods: In this experimental study, 25 male rats were divided into 5 equal groups: diabetes, healthy control, persistence+diabetes, atorvastatin+diabetes, persistence+atorvastatin+ diabetes. Type 2 diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (STZ) in mice. The training groups performed the running program on the treadmill for eight weeks. Atorvastatin and atorvastatin-exercise groups received atorvastatin (10 mg/kg) by gavage. 48 hours after the last training session, the rats were dissected; their liver tissue was removed and immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen solution at a temperature of minus 80 ° C to measure MFN1/2 and DRP1. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test were used for statistical analysis at a significance level of p<0.05. Results: The results showed that induction of type 2 diabetes decreased the expression of MFN1/2 and increased DRP1 compared to the healthy group. After eight weeks of intervention, a significant increase was observed in the expression level of MFN1 (p<0.05), but this increase was not significant in MFN2 and there was no significant difference in the expression of factors between the groups. Also, after eight weeks, a significant decrease in DRP1 gene expression was observed (p<0.05). This decrease was significant in comparison with the combined groups compared to the patient group. Conclusion: It is possible that a combination of aerobic exercises and atorvastatin may positively regulate the expression of genes related to mitochondrial dynamics in diabetes.