Six young obese females (20.5±1.22 years; BMI=34.5±4.3 kg/m 2 ) participated in a resistance exercise (RE) protocol (12 exercises, 4 sets × 15 repetitions at 60% of 1RM), an aerobic exercise (AE) protocol (3 sets × 10 min ergometer cycling at 60% of maximal heart rate with 5 min of rest between sets), and a control session. Blood samples were collected before, and immediately after and 10 h after exercise. All protocols were done in follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. ANOVA (3×3) with repeated measure on exercise (3 levels) and time (3 levels) factors was used to determine the effects of exercise protocol, time and exercise protocol by blood sampling time interaction, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and glucose concentrations. Immediately and 10 h after AE, serum leptin was significantly lower (p<0.05). Serum insulin after AE was lower than after RE and control sessions (p<0.05). Furthermore, no significant differences were found in serum leptin and insulin between RE and control sessions immediately after and 10 h after exercise. Blood glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were unchanged in both exercise protocols. In conclusion, AE resulted in a serum leptin reduction and suppressed the circadian rhythm of serum insulin when sampled immediately and 10 h after exercise; instread, RE did not result in serum leptin or insulin changes.

The purpose of this study was to comparison anthropometric and physical fitness characteristics of semiprofessional Rasht city soccer and futsal players. The research was conducted on a sample of 102 subjects divided in two groups: 47 futsal players (65.60 ± 11.43 kg, 169.91 ± 5.70 cm) and 55 soccer players (67.84 ± 8.39 kg, 175.91 ± 6.02 cm). Anthropometric indices including: height, weight, lean body mass (LBM), body fat percent (BF %), body mass index (BMI), hip Thigh, leg and waist circumferences, sitting height and lower limb length, were measured. Physical fitness including: aerobic power, explosive power, speed, agility and flexibility were measured. The result showed that there were significant differences between soccer and futsal players in stature, sitting height, LBM, Thigh and leg circumferences, aerobic and explosive power, 10 and 30 meters speed and agility (P≤0.05). In conclusion, Anthropometric differences may be effect on technical, tactical and roles of players in special situation. It is important for coaches and trainers to concentrate on the variables those are specific for improvement the performance and success in soccer and futsal.

This paper examines the effects of plyometric and resistance training on the explosive power and the amount of young male volleyball players' strength in Guilan province. The participants include 45 volleyball players, 15-22 years old, which were randomly divided into three groups: two training groups and one control group. Among the two training groups, one was engaged in plyometric and the other in resistance exercise training (six weeks, two times per week).The control group was doing its common volleyball training. Variables under measurement consist of strength and explosive power. We found that after a six weeks training, there were significant differences between the average of explosive power and strength in both groups of plyometric and resistance training in comparison to control group (P≤0.05). The researcher observed that there was a significant difference in the average of explosive power and strength within both plyometric and weight groups from pre to post-test (p≤0.05). The amount of improvement in resistance training group was more than plyometric group.

Clinical experiences indicate that aquatic exercises may have advantages for osteoarthritis patients. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of aquatic exercise training on the knee pain and its symptoms as well as on the motor performance associated with daily living activities (ADL), sport-recreational activities, and the quality of life in men over 50. 30 men over 50 years old who suffered from knee osteoarthritis were selected voluntarily and were randomly assigned to aquatic exercise therapy and control groups. The means and standard deviations of age, height and weight of participants in each group were 54.