Until now, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the development of lung defects remain a poorly studied area of pulmonology. In the occurrence of anomalies in the airways of the lungs, a change in the expression of proteins that control early lung morphogenesis in normal conditions (proteins FGF, TGF, SHH, WNT) was established. Along with this, bronchial markers and markers of type 2 alveolocytes play a certain role in the occurrence of lung defects. A number of congenital malformations are caused by improper formation of the airways, which may be associated with the influence of various soluble factors, receptors, transcription factors and microRNAs. The possible role of the pulmonary neuroendocrine system (apudocytes and neuroepithelial bodies) in the pathogenesis and pathobiology of childhood lung diseases, including congenital lung diseases, is discussed.

Purpose of the study. Study of the morphology of open-type fluorescent cells and adrenergic nerve structures of the major duodenal papilla. Material and research methods. The material for the study was the area of the large duodenal papilla of 12 rabbits and 5 dogs. Fluorescent endocrine cells and adrenergic nerve structures were revealed by processing cryostat sections of the material with a gly-oxylic acid solution. Research results. It has been established that the fluorescent cells of the diffuse endocrine (APUD) system contain serotonin and catecholamines, the shade of their luminescence depends on the quantitative ratio of which. Where these two structures are located side by side, the shade of the glow is approximately the same. Discussion. It is assumed that the implementation of a complex response to the primary chemoreceptor information on the composition of the chyme, obtained by the fluorescent cells of the diffuse endocrine system of the major duodenal papilla, occurs through the exchange of biogenic amines between them and the adrenergic nerve structures of the duodenal papilla.

This discussion article presents the theoretical background and results of our own histological study of the ampulla of the papilla of Vater in various animals to explain the absence of the gallbladder in some animals. In particular, the authors studied the structure of the duodenal mucosa in rats and rabbits. They suggest that the evolutionary loss of the gallbladder in some animals is associated with the need for rapid movement in space and high maneuverability. The realization of these properties may be hindered by a fluid-filled organ.