The use of polynephron for 4 months reduces the percentage of CD14+CD16+ compared to helixone and polyamide, suggesting a better profile regarding activation of the inflammatory response. These findings could be explained by a better biocompatibility or an increased reduction of medium-sized toxic molecules.

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phospholipid levels in wt WD mice. Phospholipids were visualized using a Nile Red staining and co-localized with vacuolated tubuli. Oil Red O Staining showed increased numbers of granulus containing neutral lipids in proximal tubuli of wildtype Western diet-fed mice. Unexpectedly, no renal lipid accumulation occurred in Nlrp3ko mice fed a Western Diet. A Western diet induced cholesterol accumulation in wildtype mice despite decreased uptake, increased excretion and decreased synthesis based on gene expression analysis.We propose a novel role for the immune receptor Nlrp3 in mediating renal cholesterol and phospholipid accumulation during the early development of Metsyn-driven CKD. Further research is conducted to investigate the therapeutic potential of Nlrp3 in early renal CKD development.http://dx.

Purpose To study if hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) patients with apparent no retinal toxicity will show lower retinal thickness in inner layers as compared to healthy controls. Methods Retrospective study of 43 patients (86 eyes) evaluated for HCQ macular toxicity with spectral‐domain OCT (SD‐OCT) and with no OCT signs of maculopathy were subdivided into two groups: (1) no blunting of the foveal contour (foveal splaying), (2) with foveal splaying. Age and sex‐matched controls were used for comparison. Automated retinal layer segmentation at the center of fovea and at a radius of 3 (parafoveal) to 6mm (perifoveal) from the superior, inferior, temporal and nasal sectors was performed. Statistical analysis using two sample t‐test was made to calculate significant results between groups. Results Center macular and internal retinal layers thickness in all parafoveal sectors, particularly in the retinal nerve fibre (RNFL) and ganglion cell layer (GCL), was statistically reduced when compared to control group (p < 0.05) and differed between group 1 and 2. RNFL thickness was also reduced in all perifoveal sectors but temporal sector (p < 0.05) and inner plexiform layer and inner nuclear layer thickness showed only significant reduction in foveal and nasal parafoveal sector (p < 0.05) in HCQ eyes. No significant differences in outer layers was observed between groups. Conclusions Small changes in inner retinal layers thickness have been described with HCQ use and conflicting correlation with HCQ toxicity is present in the literature. This study supports that inner retina at the fovea and parafovea is thinner in patients with no outer retinal OCT signs of HCQ toxicity. Further investigation is needed to assess if an inner retinal thickness reduction threshold could serve as valuable tool for identifying patients with increased risk of HCQ maculopathy.