In 2017, the UK Parliament passed an Act requiring legal pornographic websites to implement 'robust' age verification checks. Although the Act inspired lawmakers elsewhere to propose similar legislation, it was never enacted, in part because it did not cover social media platforms. Instead, the UK government has turned to its Online Harms White Paper-which does target social media platforms-to protect children from online pornography. There is, however, scant evidence on the media platforms and technologies children use to access pornography. To fill this knowledge gap, we conducted a survey of 16-and 17-year-olds in the United Kingdom. The results show that more (63%) had seen pornography on social media platforms than on pornographic websites (47%), suggesting the UK government was right to target such platforms in its latest proposals. However, pornography was much more frequently viewed on pornographic websites than on social media, showing how important the regulation of such sites remains. Furthermore, our finding that 46% of 16and 17-year-olds had used a virtual private network or Tor browser adds weight to concerns that restrictions on legal internet pornography-such as age verification checks-imposed by a single country may be circumvented by those the restrictions are designed to protect.This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

In 2020, the French Parliament passed an amendment that put the country at the forefront of attempts by democratic states to restrict young people's access to legal online pornography. This study examines the necessity for and potential efficacy of the amendment, Article 23, through a comparative analysis of emerging legislative and regulatory approaches in France, the UK, Canada, Utah, and Germany, and through a survey of French 15-, 16-, and 17-year-olds. Among other things, our survey shows that 41% of 15-, 16-, and 17-year-olds in France visit dedicated pornographic sites, on average monthly and often much more frequently. However, the range of media platforms via which French adolescents are exposed to pornography, their knowledge about technologies that could circumvent age verification, and the power, scope, and implementation of Article 23 may limit the legislation's efficacy. Our findings suggest the mechanisms that may limit its efficacy include media displacement, socio-technical circumvention, and the Article's relatively broad and imprecise nature. This study has implications for legislators and regulators in democratic countries beyond France as they too grapple with the challenges of regulating online pornography. Furthermore, it extends the often contradictory and/or limited evidence that exists about adolescents' consumption of pornography.

Results presented herein describe the experiences of fruit farmers with climate change. Data for the analysis were collected from 801 face-to-face interviews with cherry and peach farmers at four geographically distinct locations in Chile and Tunisia. Climate change issues are currently more important for cherry farmers in Chile, while financial issues for peach farmers in Tunisia. However, all farmers in the four regions investigated, Central and Southern Chile and Northern and Central Tunisia, have experienced some type of climate-related crop damage between 2009 and 2018. Temperature-related crop impacts were noticeable in all regions. The main climate-related problems, specifically mentioned by the farmers, were hotter summers, shifts in the amount and patterns of precipitation as well as extreme and unpredictable weather events (such as frosts and hail). Water scarcity (droughts, access to water) is mentioned by the majority of the farmers in all geographical areas as the main current and future climate-related problem they face. Many of the climate change-related problems are region-specific, such as killer frosts in Central Chile and wind and hail damage in Central Tunisia. Adaptive measures will need to take regional differences into consideration. Eighty-three percent of farmers in Chile while only 70% of farmers in Tunisia plan to undertake adaptive measures to reduce climate impacts on their farming operations.

Finding tools that stimulate creativity, empathy and self-confidence is one of the core challenges of the 21st century. Performative education being one of them, a need for developing convincing performative concepts arises (Jogschies, Schewe & Stöver-Blahak 2018). The improvisational role-playing technique edu-larp constitutes one such tool, combining the training of social and personal skills with the exploration of various themes. An adaptation of this format to institutional settings coined STARS (STudent Activating Role-playing gameS, Geneuss 2019) has been applied in several schools in Bavaria. To ascertain the students’ perspective on their perceived learning, data from 161 quantitative surveys were further augmented by feedback-talks. To gain insight into the teachers’ perspective on how the tool can be implemented in German lessons, which general skills can be trained and what challenges might arise when applied in formal education, we applied a qualitative design grounded upon 7 interviews. It emerges that applying edu-larp in classrooms is perceived as a meaningful tool to treat curricular topics. It also contributes to train social and personal skills, which in turn can lead to self-confident face-to-face interaction. Yet, multiple challenges keep educators from applying the technique.