This review presents an updated scenario of findings and evolutions of encapsulation of bioactive compounds for food and agricultural applications. Many polymers have been reported as encapsulated agents, such as sodium alginate, gum Arabic, chitosan, cellulose and carboxymethylcellulose, pectin, Shellac, xanthan gum, zein, pullulan, maltodextrin, whey protein, galactomannan, modified starch, polycaprolactone, and sodium caseinate. The main encapsulation methods investigated in the study include both physical and chemical ones, such as freeze-drying, spray-drying, extrusion, coacervation, complexation, and supercritical anti-solvent drying. Consequently, in the food area, bioactive peptides, vitamins, essential oils, caffeine, plant extracts, fatty acids, flavonoids, carotenoids, and terpenes are the main compounds encapsulated. In the agricultural area, essential oils, lipids, phytotoxins, medicines, vaccines, hemoglobin, and microbial metabolites are the main compounds encapsulated. Most scientific investigations have one or more objectives, such as to improve the stability of formulated systems, increase the release time, retain and protect active properties, reduce lipid oxidation, maintain organoleptic properties, and present bioactivities even in extreme thermal, radiation, and pH conditions. Considering the increasing worldwide interest for biomolecules in modern and sustainable agriculture, encapsulation can be efficient for the formulation of biofungicides, biopesticides, bioherbicides, and biofertilizers. With this review, it is inferred that the current scenario indicates evolutions in the production methods by increasing the scales and the techno-economic feasibilities. The Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for most of the encapsulation methods is going beyond TRL 6, in which the knowledge gathered allows for having a functional prototype or a representative model of the encapsulation technologies presented in this review.
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The use of agricultural waste has become a necessity due to its high environmental cost. As an example of this, we have rice husk ash (CCA), produced by the indiscriminate burning of rice husk, as well as the need to look for alternatives to reuse the waste sustainably, either by applying it to nanomaterials or by extracting SiO2 present in rice husk ash. This study addresses the use of characterization techniques for rice husk ash residue, showing the quality of SiO2 present in the residue.
Nanoparticles can be obtained through different chemical components, such as iron oxides that have the advantages of easy synthesis, low toxicity, biocompatibility, high adsorption capacity and low cost. Since, the NPs have quite peculiar characteristics differing significantly from other materials mainly by the increase of the surface area and also by the quantum effects. The objective of this work is to obtain Nanomaterials based on iron oxides supported by different residues (rice husk ash, red ceramics and agate), composed mostly of SiO2, using the polyol method, and to evaluate the possibility of using them in different applications, for example, in the field of catalysis and in various engineering processes. The Nanomaterials were characterized with experimental techniques existing in the National Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), which allow the electronic and structural investigation of Nanomaterials such as X-ray Induced Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). The study allowed to identify that it was possible to use residues with SiO2 in the obtaining of NPs, as well as, confirmed that there is differentiation in their structure. Enabling the expansion of studies in relation to the application of these Nanomaterials.
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