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RESUMODesde o século XVII os cemitérios têm causado preocupações em nível mundial no que se refere a contaminação do solo e do lençol freático pela circulação da água pluvial. No Brasil não existe uma legislação específica para a implantação de cemitérios. Os projetos de tais empreendimentos seguem as normas estabelecidas pela Resolução CONAMA n° 335/2003 e 338/2006, que normatizam os procedimentos para implantação e operação de cemitérios no país, com intuito de reduzir os riscos de problemas e contaminação do ambiente. No entanto, para que um empreendimento com esse potencial de contaminação não cause problemas físicos e sociais ao ambiente, é imprescindível que a equipe responsável pelo projeto execução e monitoramento conheça e respeite essas leis, como também, conheça os passivos, causas e os efeitos que o contaminante pode causar. Com base nas normas do CONAMA e a partir de uma revisão bibliográfica sobre os contaminantes e outros problemas relacionados a cemitérios, este trabalho aponta os indicadores e os procedimentos que colaboram na elaboração de EIA/RIMA para esse tipo de empreendimento. As etapas salientadas nesse trabalho discutem a definição de áreas de influência para cemitérios, métodos de avaliação de impactos e principais indicadores ambientais para cemitérios.Palavras-chave: Cemitérios. Contaminação. Água subterrânea. Necrochorume. Solos. ABSTRACTSince the seventeenth century, cemeteries have caused worldwide concerns regarding soil and groundwater contamination by rain water circulation. In Brazil, there is no specific legislation for cemetery establishment. Projects of such ventures are controlled by CONAMA Resolutions nos. 335/2003 and 338/2006, which regulate the procedures for implementation and operation of cemeteries in the country, in order to reduce the risk of problems and environmental contamination. However, for a project with a contamination potential not to cause physical and social problems to the environment, it is essential that the team responsible for project implementation and monitoring no only be aware of and observe these laws, but also meet the liabilities, causes and effects of the contaminant. Based on the standards of CONAMA and a literature review on contaminants and other cemetery-related problems, this study highlights the indicators and procedures to support the preparation of the EIA/RIMA (Environmental Impact Study/Environmental Impact Report) for this type of enterprise. The steps highlighted in this paper concern the definition of influence areas, methods of assessing environmental impacts and key indicators for cemeteries.

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Accurate daily rainfall estimation is required in several applications such as in hydrology, hydrometeorology, water resources management, geomorphology, civil protection, and agriculture, among others. CMORPH daily rainfall estimations were integrated with rain gauge measurements in Brazil between 2000 and 2015, in order to reduce daily rainfall estimation errors by means of the statistical objective analysis scheme (SOAS). Early comparisons indicated high discrepancies between daily rain gauge rainfall measurements and respective CMORPH areal rainfall accumulation estimates that tended to be reduced with accumulation time span (e.g., yearly accumulation). Current results show CMORPH systematically underestimates daily rainfall accumulation along the coastal areas. The normalized error variance (NEXERVA) is higher in sparsely gauged areas at Brazilian North and Central-West regions. Monthly areal rainfall averages and standard deviation were obtained for eleven Brazilian watersheds. While an overall negative tendency (3 mm·h−1) was estimated, the Amazon watershed presented a long-term positive tendency. Monthly areal mean precipitation and respective spatial standard deviation closely follow a power-law relationship for data-rich watersheds, i.e., with denser rain gauge networks. Daily SOAS rainfall accumulation was also used to calculate the spatial distribution of frequencies of 3-day rainfall episodes greater than 100 mm. Frequencies greater than 3% were identified downwind of the Peruvian Andes, the Bolivian Amazon Basin, and the La Plata Basin, as well as along the Brazilian coast, where landslides are recurrently triggered by precipitation.

This paper presents a new approach of landslides zonation hazard studies, based on an integrated study of structural data along with geomorphological and external factors, in a hilly regions of Brazil, covered by a tropical humid rain-forest, called Serra do Mar. The Serra do Mar consists of a hilly region along the east coast of Brazil, with high slopes and many geological structures in a gneiss -migmatitic terrain. In contrast to traditional approaches, this method proposes that structural data (foliation, fractures and bedding planes) and its relation with the slope geometry, is important to be consider in the landslide zonation hazard, along with declivity, relative relief, soil and rock properties, land use and vegetation cover and hydrogeological and climate factors. Results show that slopes with high hazard have the same dip direction of geological structures. Landslide zonation hazard using structural data contributes to a better understanding of how these structures, preserved in tropical residual soils, influence on slope stability and generates landslides.