Why have Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) governments raised taxes on dividends at the shareholder level since 2008? Previous research points to the importance of budget deficits and voter demand for compensatory fairness in the aftermath of the financial crisis. We complement this literature by showing that the effect of domestic drivers of tax increases on capital income crucially depends on the level of financial transparency in a country’s investment network. Low financial transparency increases the risk of capital flight in response to a tax hike, whereas high financial transparency reduces this risk. Hence, governments facing fiscal pressure become more likely to raise taxes on capital income when transparency is high. To substantiate our argument, we construct an original indicator of financial transparency in countries’ investment networks, which we utilize in a regression analysis of tax reforms by 204 cabinets in 35 OECD countries between 2001 and 2018.
The number of emission trading and carbon taxation schemes implemented has grown rapidly over the past decade. Together, they cover approximately 16% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Although more than two-thirds of global GHG emissions are related to household consumption, approaches that directly target households, such as personal carbon trading (PCT), do not play a role in the fight against climate change. This is especially puzzling as measures taken so far are not sufficient to reach the 2 °C target. One clue to solving this puzzle comes from political science in the form of the multiple streams approach, which defines criteria that a policy proposal must meet to become part of the political agenda. Based on these criteria, this article conducts a systematic review on PCT to clarify why PCT does not play a role in the reduction of GHG emissions. The results show that there are three main problems with the PCT proposal. First, scholars often criticize the set-up costs as well as the running costs of such a system. Second, there is no clear consensus within the research community on public acceptance of PCT. Third, it is still unclear whether politicians are receptive to PCT or not.
Zusammenfassung Wiederholte Vorfälle von Polizeigewalt bei Demonstrationen haben in Deutschland zu Forderungen nach einer individuellen Kennzeichnung von Polizeibeamten bei derartigen Einsätzen geführt. In der Folge hat ein Teil der Bundesländer eine nummerische Kennzeichnung eingeführt, während dies in anderen Bundesländern bisher nicht geschehen ist. Der Artikel geht der Frage nach, wie diese Varianz zwischen den Ländern zu erklären ist, und ermittelt, unter welchen Bedingungen es zur Einführung der Kennzeichnungspflicht kommt. Eine crisp-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (csQCA) dient dabei der Identifizierung von Konfigurationen von Erklärungsfaktoren, die zur Einführung der Kennzeichnung von Polizisten führen. Ergänzt wird die QCA um kurze Fallstudien (Berlin, Hessen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Rheinland-Pfalz und Schleswig-Holstein), die dazu dienen, die zuvor proklamierten Kausalmechanismen zu überprüfen. Basierend auf diesem methodischen Vorgehen gelangt die Studie zu dem Ergebnis, dass die Regierungsbeteiligung von Grünen oder Linken als Agenda-Setter eine notwendige Bedingung für die Einführung der Kennzeichnung darstellt. Darüber hinaus zeigt sich, dass das Auftreten eines Agenda-Setters bei gleichzeitigem Fehlen eines Blockierers in Form von CDU/CSU eine günstige Regierungskonstellation für die Kennzeichnungspflicht darstellt. Damit es tatsächlich zur Einführung kommt, müssen aber entsprechende Rahmenbedingungen herrschen. Beim Vorreiter Berlin war dies durch das Auftreten Zusatzmaterial online Zusätzliche Informationen sind in der Online-Version dieses Artikels (
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