BackgroundHyperthyroidism is currently recognized to affect the cardiovascular system, leading to a series of molecular and functional changes. However, little is known about the functional influence of hyperthyroidism in the regulation of cytoplasmic calcium and on the sodium/calcium exchanger (NCX) in the cardiac muscle.ObjectivesTo evaluate the functional changes in papillary muscles isolated from animals with induced hyperthyroidism.MethodsWe divided 36 Wistar rats into a group of controls and another of animals with hyperthyroidism induced by intraperitoneal T3 injection. We measured in the animals' papillary muscles the maximum contraction force, speed of contraction (+df/dt) and relaxation (-df/dt), contraction and relaxation time, contraction force at different concentrations of extracellular sodium, post-rest potentiation (PRP), and contraction force induced by caffeine.ResultsIn hyperthyroid animals, we observed decreased PRP at all rest times (p < 0.05), increased +df/dt and -df/dt (p < 0.001), low positive inotropic response to decreased concentration of extracellular sodium (p < 0.001), reduction of the maximum force in caffeine-induced contraction (p < 0.003), and decreased total contraction time (p < 0.001). The maximal contraction force did not differ significantly between groups (p = 0.973).ConclusionWe hypothesize that the changes observed are likely due to a decrease in calcium content in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, caused by calcium leakage, decreased expression of NCX, and increased expression of a-MHC and SERCA2.
RESUMOTendões são estruturas formadas por um tecido conjuntivo fi broso denso e regular que ligam os músculos esqueléticos aos ossos. Devido a grande controvérsia a respeito das tendinopatias, esse artigo tem como objetivo realizar um levantamento bibliográfi co a respeito das alterações histopatológicas, tratamento fi sioterapêutico, mecanismo da dor, quadro clínico, incidência e etiologia nas tendinopatias do tendão calcâneo. A literatura mostra que as tendinopatias, em particular as tendinoses, se caracterizam por uma degeneração do colágeno e ausência de infl amação, sem evidências substanciais que apóiem a existência da tendinite. Microscopicamente a tendinose, caracteriza-se por processo degenerativo com aumento do número de fi broblastos, hiperplasia vascular, desorganização do colágeno e aumento da matriz extracelular. Em recentes pesquisas, substâncias químicas foram encontradas em excesso em pacientes com tendinopatia e são consideradas como as possíveis responsáveis pela dor, como a substância P e o glutamato. Acredita-se que a etiologia das tendinopatias seja uma combinação multifatorial de fatores extrínsecos e intrínsecos. Dentre as diversas formas de tratamento encontradas na literatura, o treinamento excêntrico vem ganhando evidência, em estudos clínicos randomizados, como uma forma efetiva de tratamento e de baixo custo.Palavras-chave: Tendinopatia. Tendinose. Fisioterapia. Histopatologia. ABSTRACTTendons are structures formed by a dense and regular fi brous conjunctive tissue that link the skeletal muscles to the bones. Due to great controversy regarding the tendinopathies, that this article has like objective bibliographic review rising regarding the alterations histopathologics, physiotherapy treatment, mechanism
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