These data implicate the RANTES-403A allele as a risk factor for HIV transmission and as a protective factor for HIV progression.

Objective: The incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing dramatically affecting up to 30% of the population worldwide. At present, treatment options are limited and pharmacological management of NAFLD has had disappointing results. Some of the best available evidence to improve NAFLD concerns lifestyle modification. Objective: To detect the degree of weight reduction needed to improve the markers of hepatic function and insulin resistance in type-2 diabetics with NAFLD. Methods: One hundred type-2 diabetic male patients with NAFLD were included into this study and divided into two equal groups. Group (A) received aerobic exercise training in addition to diet regimen. Group (B) received no treatment intervention.Results: There was a 26.99%, 40.8%, 33.81%, 32.73%, 37.8% and 15 % reduction in mean values of Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Gamma -Glutamyltransferase (GGT) and Homeostasis Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance-index (HOMA-IR) and BMI respectively in group (A) at the end of the study. While there were significant differences between mean levels of the investigated parameters in group (A) and group (B) after treatment. Conclusion: About 15 % reduction in BMI is effective to improve the liver condition and insulin resistance in type-2 diabetics with NAFLD.

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Background: Vitamin D (25-OHD) has an essential protective action on vascular endothelium and endothelial dysfunction is a risk valuable marker for risk of cardiovascular disorders, which are common among patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Objective: the aim of this study was to detect the link between level of vitamin D and adhesive molecules biomarkers in Saudi patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Material and Methods:Two hundred Saudi patients with T2DM of both sexes (132 females and 68 males), their age range was 48-59 years, the diabetes chronicity range was 9-11years and their body mass index (BMI) range was 31 to 37 Kg/m 2 . All participants received oral hypoglycemic agents e.g. metformin and/or pioglitazone and were selected from the Internal Medicine Out-patient Clinic, King Abdulaziz Teaching Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Participants with respiratory failure, hepatitis, renal failure, heart failure, pregnancy and smokers excluded from the study. According to vitamin D level, participants were assigned to one of three groups: vitamin D deficiency group (A): 25-OHD <20 ng/ml, vitamin D insufficiency group (B): 25-OHD =20-30 ng/ml and normal vitamin D group(C) 25-OHD >30 ng/ml. Results:The mean values of VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and E-selectin were significantly higher in vitamin D deficiency group (A) compared to vitamin D insufficiency group (B) and normal vitamin D group(C). Moreover, vitamin D showed a strong inverse relationship with VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and E-selectin in the three groups (P<0.05). Conclusion:There is an association between vitamin D deficiency and abnormal levels of adhesive molecules biomarkers in Saudi patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Background: Vitamin D deficiency is now considered a public health problem around the world that is strongly associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. However, vitamin D deficiency may play a role in mediating low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance among type 2 diabetic patients. Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible relationship between inflammation, insulin resistance among obese Saudi type 2 diabetic with vitamin D deficiency. Materials and Methods: One hundred obese Saudi patients with T2DM (60 males and 40 females). Their age was46.38 ± 7.53 year, and a control group included one hundred healthy volunteers, who was gender and age matched. Results: Obese T2DM patients showed significantly higher glucose, insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin (HBA1c), Homeostasis Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) index, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and C-reactive protein(CRP) in addition to significantly lower values of the quantitative insulinsensitivity check index (QUICKI) and 25(OH) vitamin D levels in comparison to controls. Serum levels of TNF-α , IL-6 and CRP showed an inverse relationship with QUICKI and a direct relationship with HOM-IR and HBA1c among obese Saudi type 2 diabetic with vitamin D deficiency. Conclusion: Within the limit of there is an association between insulin resistance and inflammatory cytokines among obese Saudi type 2 diabetic with vitamin D deficiency.