Background: Neonatal seizures are the most prominent feature of neurological dysfunction during neonatal period, which are abnormal electrical discharges in the central nervous system of neonates, usually manifest as stereotyped muscular activity or autonomic changes, occurring in approximately 1.8-3.5/1000 live birth. Objective: The aims of study are to determine prevalence rate, natural history, time of onset, etiological factors, clinical types and the short term outcome of neonatal convulsion. Settings: This study conducted in Neonatal Department at Benghazi Children Hospital-Libya. Patients and Methods: Descriptive cross sectional study, included all neonates who developing clinically identifiable seizures, admitted from 1 st of March 2013 to 1 st of March 2014. The data collected by using a designed perform including; gender, nationality, residence, place of transfer, gestational age, time of onset, mode of delivery, and history of maternal diseases, family history of neonatal seizures in previous siblings or death, jaundice and exchange transfusion were taken. Details examination include dysmorphic features, weight, head circumference were recorded. Types of seizures were diagnosed by clinical observations, and the etiology of neonatal seizures had been identified from imaging study and from initial relevant investigations which include blood glucose levels, arterial blood gases, serum calcium, electrolytes, phosphate and cerebrospinal fluid examination for evidence of infection. In addition to treatments received, as well as causes of deaths. Results: A total of 2842 neonates were admitted to NNW, out of which 150 had seizures. 86 (57%) were male with M:F ratio of 1.3:1. (97%) were Libyan and (76%) from Benghazi, (42%) admitted directly from home. 131 (87%) were term and 15 (10%) preterm. Most of neonatal seizures (76%) were seen in the 1 st week of life, and during initial 72 hours of life (63%), with 24% presented in 1 st 24 hours of life. Vaginal delivery conducted in 101 (67%), C/S 49 (33%).

Globally, fewer cases of COVID-19 have been reported in children (age 0-17 years) compared with adults [1,2], The number and rate of cases in children have been steadily increasing since March 2020. The true incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children is not known due to lack of widespread testing and the prioritization of testing for adults and those with severe illness. Hospitalization rates in children are significantly lower than hospitalization rates in adults with COVID-19, suggesting that children may have less severe illness from COVID-19 compared to adults [5,6]. Evidence suggests that compared to adults, children likely have similar viral loads in their nasopharynx, [7] similar secondary infections rates, and can spread the virus to others [8,9]. Due to community mitigation measures and school closures, transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to and among children may have been reduced during the pandemic in the spring and early summer of 2020. This may explain the low incidence in children compared with adults. Comparing trends in pediatric infections before and after the return to child care, in-person school, youth sports and other activities may enhance our understanding about infections in children. Children infected with SARS-CoV-2 may have many of these non-specific symptoms, only have a few (such as only upper respiratory symptoms or only gastrointestinal symptoms), or may be asymptomatic. The most common symptoms in children are cough and/or fever [11-15]. A recent systematic review estimated that 16% of children with SARS-CoV-2 infection are asymptomatic, [16] but evidence suggests that as many as half of pediatric infections may be asymptomatic [17] The signs and symptoms of COVID-19 in children are similar to those of other infections and noninfectious processes, including influenza, streptococcal pharyngitis, and allergic rhinitis. The lack of specificity of signs or symptoms and the significant proportion of asymptomatic infections make symptom-based screening for identification of SARS-CoV-2 in children particularly challenging [17].

Aims: To recognize cardiac arrhythmias and conduction abnormalities in children who underwent a surgical repair for congenital heart disease. Patients and Methods: One hundred thirty one (131) patients underwent a surgical repair of congenital heart disease between 2000-2018, and follow-up period after surgery was from two months to eighteen years and our data was collected over 1 year “2018”  by interview both children and parents, sixty-four patients (48.8%) were a cyanotic congenital heart disease (ACCHD),sixty-seven patients(51.1%) were cyanotic congenital heart disease (CCHD), (41.9%) were female, (58.1%) were male. Cyanotic congenital heart disease more common in male. These patients were evaluated by ECG to detect conduction abnormalities and arrhythmias, Holter monitoring in symptomatic patient. Results: Types of abnormal heart rhythm found out by ECG, Holter monitoring, significant premature atrial contraction (PAC) in one patient post fontain, atrial fibrillation in two patients with post-operative (ASD) repaired. RBBB occur in 53 patients and was most common among post-operative (TOF) repaired (37 patients). Frequent ventricular ectopic in one patient with postoperative (TOF) repaired. Atrial tachycardia in one patient with Epstein anomaly, WPW in two patients with Epstein anomaly, complete heart blook in five patients, four of them post operative VSD repaired, one post fontain operation. Symptomatic bradycardia needs pace maker in one patient post fontan operation. Conclusions: The Patient after repair of congenital heart defect needed follow-up for detection of arrhythmias, those with complex defect need more frequent follow-up because they prone more to arrhythmia than those with simple defect with no residual defect.

Introduction: Diabetes has long been associated with maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. The infant of a diabetic mother have higher risks for serious problems during pregnancy and at birth. Problems during pregnancy may include increased risks of abortions and stillbirths. Abnormal fetal metabolism during pregnancy complicated by maternal diabetes mellitus results in multiple neonatal sequallae, including abnormalities of growth, glucose and calcium metabolism, hematologic status, cardio- respiratory function, bilirubin metabolism, and congenital anomalies. The causes of the fetal and neonatal sequallae of maternal diabetes are Multifactorial. However, many of the perinatal complications can be traced to the effect of maternal glycemic control on the fetus & can be prevented by appropriate periconceptional & prenatal care. Objective:  to describe the morbidity pattern among infants of diabetic mothers (IDMs) either gestational or preconception diabetes mellitus. Methods:  A cross sectional study was conducted in Jamhouria hospital/ neonatal ward & enrolled 120 consecutive infants born to diabetics mother either gestational or preconception diabetes mellitus over one year period. Results: 120 babies were diagnosed as IDMs and were admitted to Neonatal intensive care unit, male, female, 74(60.8%) were gestational diabetes, and 46 (38.3%) with preconception diabetes, full term comprise 98 cases (81.6%) while premature were 22 cases (18.3%). For birth weight 20 case [16.7%} were low birth weight, macrosomia represent 16 case (13.3%). Most common congenital anomalies was cardiac lesion 36 cases, for GDM 18 case =24.3% were PCDM 18 case around 40.0%. Central nervous system 11 case (9.1%) all of them dilated ventricular system& only 2 of them need surgical intervention with shunt. Gastrointestinal anomalies 4 cases {3.4%} 2 of them ectopic anus & 2 short bowel syndrome. Most common metabolic disturbance was Hypocalcemia 17 case (14.1%), followed by hypoglycemia 11 case (9.1%), followed with hyper bilirubinemia 3 cases (2.5%) Followed by Respiratory distress syndrome 26 case (21.6%), 17 case hyaline membrane disease (14.1%) ,transient tachypnea of neo born 9 cases (7.5%) , Birth trauma  3 cases Erb,s palsy one of them  birth asphyxia. Conclusion: Most common type of diabetes in pregnancy is gestational diabetes, and most common congenital anomalies is the cardiac lesion & the most common metabolic disturbance is the hypocalcemia. Macrosomia associated with large birth weight as well as birth trauma. Large for gestational age and hypoglycemia associated mainly with poor maternal glycemic control.