Aims: To recognize cardiac arrhythmias and conduction abnormalities in children who underwent a surgical repair for congenital heart disease. Patients and Methods: One hundred thirty one (131) patients underwent a surgical repair of congenital heart disease between 2000-2018, and follow-up period after surgery was from two months to eighteen years and our data was collected over 1 year “2018”  by interview both children and parents, sixty-four patients (48.8%) were a cyanotic congenital heart disease (ACCHD),sixty-seven patients(51.1%) were cyanotic congenital heart disease (CCHD), (41.9%) were female, (58.1%) were male. Cyanotic congenital heart disease more common in male. These patients were evaluated by ECG to detect conduction abnormalities and arrhythmias, Holter monitoring in symptomatic patient. Results: Types of abnormal heart rhythm found out by ECG, Holter monitoring, significant premature atrial contraction (PAC) in one patient post fontain, atrial fibrillation in two patients with post-operative (ASD) repaired. RBBB occur in 53 patients and was most common among post-operative (TOF) repaired (37 patients). Frequent ventricular ectopic in one patient with postoperative (TOF) repaired. Atrial tachycardia in one patient with Epstein anomaly, WPW in two patients with Epstein anomaly, complete heart blook in five patients, four of them post operative VSD repaired, one post fontain operation. Symptomatic bradycardia needs pace maker in one patient post fontan operation. Conclusions: The Patient after repair of congenital heart defect needed follow-up for detection of arrhythmias, those with complex defect need more frequent follow-up because they prone more to arrhythmia than those with simple defect with no residual defect.

Background: Neonatal seizures are the most prominent feature of neurological dysfunction during neonatal period, which are abnormal electrical discharges in the central nervous system of neonates, usually manifest as stereotyped muscular activity or autonomic changes, occurring in approximately 1.8-3.5/1000 live birth. Objective: The aims of study are to determine prevalence rate, natural history, time of onset, etiological factors, clinical types and the short term outcome of neonatal convulsion. Settings: This study conducted in Neonatal Department at Benghazi Children Hospital-Libya. Patients and Methods: Descriptive cross sectional study, included all neonates who developing clinically identifiable seizures, admitted from 1 st of March 2013 to 1 st of March 2014. The data collected by using a designed perform including; gender, nationality, residence, place of transfer, gestational age, time of onset, mode of delivery, and history of maternal diseases, family history of neonatal seizures in previous siblings or death, jaundice and exchange transfusion were taken. Details examination include dysmorphic features, weight, head circumference were recorded. Types of seizures were diagnosed by clinical observations, and the etiology of neonatal seizures had been identified from imaging study and from initial relevant investigations which include blood glucose levels, arterial blood gases, serum calcium, electrolytes, phosphate and cerebrospinal fluid examination for evidence of infection. In addition to treatments received, as well as causes of deaths. Results: A total of 2842 neonates were admitted to NNW, out of which 150 had seizures. 86 (57%) were male with M:F ratio of 1.3:1. (97%) were Libyan and (76%) from Benghazi, (42%) admitted directly from home. 131 (87%) were term and 15 (10%) preterm. Most of neonatal seizures (76%) were seen in the 1 st week of life, and during initial 72 hours of life (63%), with 24% presented in 1 st 24 hours of life. Vaginal delivery conducted in 101 (67%), C/S 49 (33%).

Background: Down syndrome is the most common autosomal disorder in humans. And the most common genetic chromosomal disorder causing mental disability in children. It also cause other medical abnormalities including heart and gastrointestinal disorder. These children sharing common features and characteristic faces. Each individual with this syndrome will not have all the features, but they will have a unique combination. Objective: In our study we try to spot light on the craniofacial features of Down syndrome in our country: their percentage; to compare it with another study in other countries. We also focus on the craniofacial features accuracy in diagnosis. Karyotyping not always available. Also we study the risk factors where we found that the mother age is not the only risk factor, but also the father age play a big role in Down syndrome and this risk factor needs to be studied with large number of patients. Also we study the problems associated with Down syndrome and its percentages, and to compare it with other study done in our neighbor's countries, where we found many differences Setting and Design: Our study is a descriptive, case series retrospective study was conducted in Benghazi Libya's children hospital. This study includes 73 patients who were referred to our Genetic clinic from October 2016 to march 2017. The genetic clinic is the only clinic in Benghazi and the whole East of Libya. This clinic follows children with DS and children with dysmorphic features in Benghazi and the Libyan ‘east. Materials and Methods: We studied 73 children randomly from different age group, and different socioeconomic classes, who attend the genetic clinic, which is an outpatient clinic and the only clinic which follows children with DS and dysmorphic feature in a pediatric hospital in Benghazi- Libya. We took the history from the parent (the father and the Mother). The investigation done in our hospital. Father and mother age at pregnancy. Spontaneous or induced pregnancy. Drug history of the mothers and fathers. History of abortion and normal children. Any other baby with Down syndrome or other dysmorphic features. Echocardiography done for all children. Ultrasound abdomen and brain did for all children. Thyroid function test done for all children and repeated annually for all children. The diagnosis done mainly by clinical features. Some cases (40 cases) are proved by karyotype chromosomal analysis.

Meningitis in newborn continue to be major cause of morbidity and mortality, particular in premature infant. Incidence is 0.2 to 0.4\1000 live birth and higher in premature infant. The sign and symptoms of meningitis are not specific and diagnosis depends on laboratory investigation. Objective: To find the value of CRP in camper with WBC count in cases proved meningitis based on lumber puncture finding. Design: Retrospective study, cross section study. Setting: The neonatal intensive care unit at children hospital Benghazi. Patient and Methods: 50 newborn infant with proved meningitis based on lumber puncture result (exclude all neonate with traumatic sample) treated in unit in period from January 2020 to November 2021 were included in this study. Epidemiological data and investigation were obtained from the newborn medical chart. TLC count <5000/cubic mm or>20000/cubic mm were consider abnormal. CRP >10 consider high Results: The total number of eligible newborn was 50 (28 males and 22 females) the mean of their age was 14.74 days. All diagnosed to have meningitis based on Lumber Puncture result. The TLC range from 3900 to 37000/cu.mm and the mean was 15150/cu.mm. 1 neonate out of 50(2%) had TLC>5000/cu.mm. and 10 neonate (20%) had TLC >20000/cu.mm. While the remaining 39 (78%) normal range. CRP range from 2.5 mg/L to as high as 285 mg/L. 33 neonate out of 50 (66%) were >10mg/L Seventeen out of 50 newborns (34%) CRP were <10mg/L. Conclusions: Compering with TLC, CRP is more reliable indicator for infection with meningitis and sepsis in neonate.

Globally, fewer cases of COVID-19 have been reported in children (age 0-17 years) compared with adults [1,2], The number and rate of cases in children have been steadily increasing since March 2020. The true incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children is not known due to lack of widespread testing and the prioritization of testing for adults and those with severe illness. Hospitalization rates in children are significantly lower than hospitalization rates in adults with COVID-19, suggesting that children may have less severe illness from COVID-19 compared to adults [5,6]. Evidence suggests that compared to adults, children likely have similar viral loads in their nasopharynx, [7] similar secondary infections rates, and can spread the virus to others [8,9]. Due to community mitigation measures and school closures, transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to and among children may have been reduced during the pandemic in the spring and early summer of 2020. This may explain the low incidence in children compared with adults. Comparing trends in pediatric infections before and after the return to child care, in-person school, youth sports and other activities may enhance our understanding about infections in children. Children infected with SARS-CoV-2 may have many of these non-specific symptoms, only have a few (such as only upper respiratory symptoms or only gastrointestinal symptoms), or may be asymptomatic. The most common symptoms in children are cough and/or fever [11-15]. A recent systematic review estimated that 16% of children with SARS-CoV-2 infection are asymptomatic, [16] but evidence suggests that as many as half of pediatric infections may be asymptomatic [17] The signs and symptoms of COVID-19 in children are similar to those of other infections and noninfectious processes, including influenza, streptococcal pharyngitis, and allergic rhinitis. The lack of specificity of signs or symptoms and the significant proportion of asymptomatic infections make symptom-based screening for identification of SARS-CoV-2 in children particularly challenging [17].