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The main causative factor in the pathogenesis and progression of pulp/periapical diseases has been the bacteria in the root canal system (RCS). The removal of these bacteria from the RCS and establishing an environment where the remaining bacteria cannot survive has been the primary aim of endodontic treatment. This can be achieved by using antibiotics which can be used in endodontic treatment as locally, systemically, and prophylactically. This present review will elaborate upon the use of antibiotics in the field of endodontics.

Introduction: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is considered one of the leading causes of chronic liver conditions in the world. The primary route of transmission of HCV can be by exposure of infected blood or sharing a contamination syringe during the injection of drugs. the purpose of this research to evaluate and assess the knowledge and attitude of HCV infection among dental students and interns in Saudi Arabia population specially Riyadh region. Materials and Methods: This is a cross sectional-based survey, using a questionnaire which was divided into two parts, first covering sociodemographic information of the participant regards gender, demographic variable, academic level of the participant and the University. Second part of the questionnaire was established based on the knowledge and attitude of the participant in regard to HCV. Results: A total of 218 students participated in this study. The responses of participants differed in various academic levels with a statistically significant difference in only two questions; in question 10 when they were asked whether or not they knew that a vaccine for HCV exists (p = 0.02) and question 20, if they believed that dental staff would be afraid to treat a patient if they found out his/her positive HCV status (p = 0.02). Conclusions: The present study showed that knowledge, among the dental students and interns in the Riyadh region was not adequate in regard to HCV, and their attitude toward HCV patients was inequitable.

Background:The objective of the study was to assess the perceived stress and its severity, sources, and determinants among a group of dental students belonging to different universities in Saudi Arabia.Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the perceived stress and its severity, sources and demographic variables were studied in 677 dental students (464 males, 213 females) of Saudi Universities, who agreed to participate. The students (Ist year to Vth Year) were contacted to fill out the forms online form. A self-administered valid and reliable questionnaire including demographic details and 27 questions based on Dental Environment Stress proforma were placed online. The questions were organized in four categories: personal and administrative, theoretical, pre-clinical and clinical. The level of stress was calibrated against a range from 1-to 4. The relationship between the demographic variables and students’ academic performance with the investigated items was also assessed. Simple arithmetical tests were used to find out the value of the stress for different factors, while Pearson’s t-test was used to find out the statistical significance of differences based on gender and the year of the study (P<0.05).Results: Saudi dental students showed high levels of perceived stress. The clinical training issues imposed the highest level of stress on the students. There were significant relationships between the investigated variables and the level of perceived stress were found.Conclusions: The results of this study showed that most of the dental students had perceived stress. Female students had higher mean overall problem scores compared to male students, and second-year students showed lower perceived problems compared to other students.

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