The shape of the projectile seems to determine the effect of a ballistic impact and failure mechanism. In this study, the numerical analysis of ballistic impact with different projectile shapes, i.e., ogive, blunt, conical, and hemispherical is performed. The target is a circular sandwich plate with an outer diameter of 315 mm, which is composed of three layers with a thickness of 1 mm for each layer. These layers will be filled with different materials such as 1100-H12 aluminum alloy, ZK61m magnesium alloy, and 6061-T651 aluminum alloy. The target plate in the numerical analysis consists of two parts: the inner and outer zones. In the inner zone, the selected element size is set to fine, while in the outer zone, it is set to be coarser, and the size will increase along with the direction and the diameter of the circle. This numerical simulation uses the Johnson–Cook material model and is applied to ABAQUS/Explicit software. The simulation configurations are validated based on previous experiments by comparing the residual velocity values after the projectile has penetrated the target plate. The simulation results will obtain energy absorption values for each variation of the target plate. The energy absorption values are affected by stress and strain in radial, circumferential, axial, and shear deformation. The energy absorption value determines the strength of each variation of the target plate. Then the target plate will compare which arrangement is the strongest when receiving ballistic loads.

In the field of logistics, containers are indispensable for shipments of large quantities of goods, particularly for exports and imports distributed by land, sea, or air. Therefore, a container must be able to withstand external loads so that goods can safely reach their destination. In this study, seven different models of container skins were developed: general honeycomb, cross honeycomb, square honeycomb, corrugated wall, flat, flat with a single stiffener, and flat with a cross stiffener. Testing was performed using the finite element method. In the static simulation, the best results were obtained by the model with corrugated walls. As the main element and the content of the sandwich panel structure, the core plays a role in increasing the ability of the structure to absorb force, thereby increasing the strength of the material. In the thermal simulation, the best results were obtained by the general honeycomb walls. Vibration simulations also showed that the square honeycomb design was better at absorbing vibration than the other models. Finally, the corrugated model had the best critical load value in the buckling simulation.