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In the field of logistics, containers are indispensable for shipments of large quantities of goods, particularly for exports and imports distributed by land, sea, or air. Therefore, a container must be able to withstand external loads so that goods can safely reach their destination. In this study, seven different models of container skins were developed: general honeycomb, cross honeycomb, square honeycomb, corrugated wall, flat, flat with a single stiffener, and flat with a cross stiffener. Testing was performed using the finite element method. In the static simulation, the best results were obtained by the model with corrugated walls. As the main element and the content of the sandwich panel structure, the core plays a role in increasing the ability of the structure to absorb force, thereby increasing the strength of the material. In the thermal simulation, the best results were obtained by the general honeycomb walls. Vibration simulations also showed that the square honeycomb design was better at absorbing vibration than the other models. Finally, the corrugated model had the best critical load value in the buckling simulation.

The world's oil and gas sectors are diverse. They utilize offshore pipes to generate millions of barrels of oil and gas to meet global energy demands. In this study we identified the critical buckling load that occurred on a cylinder shell (also known as radial buckling). Offshore pipe design must meet several criteria, one of which is the requirement for pipes to withstand the external hydrostatic pressure of seawater. The overall buckling load is calculated using the axial compression loading and the pressure on the entire surface of the cylinder shell (radial compression). The finite element analysis (FEA) method is used in our simulation. FEA is run using ABAQUS/CAE software with the Riks algorithm. Different types of cylinder shells are used in the simulation: unstiffened, stringer-stiffened, and ring-stiffened. The cylinder shell is loaded based on the depth of the installation. The material composition of the shell is varied with API 5L X65, copper-nickel alloy, and HY100 steel. The diameter sizes used are 28" (711.2 mm), 30" (762 mm), and 32" (812.8 mm). The simulation results show a critical buckling load for each variation. The critical buckling load is determined by the Young's modulus, geometric length, and moment of inertia. Based on the critical buckling loads generated, we also identify which cylinder shell composition is the strongest.

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