Although women are comprised almost half of the human population, still their experiences as a minority within the larger social framework, affect the affective and behavioral aspects of their personality including social cynicism. Unfortunately, social cynicism had never been empirically studied from the perspective of women, especially indigenously. By applying a qualitative approach, this study explored an indigenous understanding of social cynicism in a sample of (N=20) young adult women through a focus group discussion (n=6) and open-ended questionnaires (n=14), respectively. Five central themes emerged after the thematic analysis of the transcribed data that included gender inequality and exploitation, misrepresentation and misinformation, negative beliefs and generalizations, authority and control, and lastly, safety and security concerns. The findings showed several distinctive and indigenous themes like paternal authoritarianism, religion-based misinterpretation and sense of imminent danger while a few sub-themes were consistent with the previous literature. By exploring the construct of social cynicism in women, this study had not only broadened the limits of existing research literature on this construct but its themes could be applied for indigenous theory and scale development.

The present investigation purported to develop and validate an indigenous social cynicism scale for young adult women. Following an exploratory sequential research design, the study involved three phases. In phase I, a qualitative study with (n = 20) young adult women is conducted to conceptualize the construct of social cynicism. The themes drawn from the data were used to develop a pool of 36 items. After extensive scrutiny and evaluation by five expert judges, 28 items were finalized that were phrased in a self-report five-point Likert rating scale. In phase II, the psychometric properties of the scale were established. Through non-probability purposive sampling, a sample of (n = 227) young adult women aged 18-28 years (M = 22.29 and SD = 2.06) was recruited for exploratory factor analysis. Principle Component Analysis was performed for factor extractions, while the Direct Oblimin method was applied for factor rotations. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy and Bartlett’s test of sphericity were found to be significant. As a result, a final scale of 19 items with a three-factor model, namely institutional, experiential and dispositional cynicism, emerged that accounted for 42.41% variance, with an alpha reliability of .83. In phase III, another sample of (n = 218) young adult women with an age range of 18–27 years (M = 22.48 and SD = 2.38) was recruited to run confirmatory factor analysis that revealed a good model fit and validated the three-dimensional structure of the scale.

This paper undertook a comparative investigation of childhood trauma and self-harm in adults with clinical depression and non-clinical controls. It was hypothesized that a) there would be a significant positive relationship between childhood trauma and self-harm across the study sample and that b) there would be significant gender differences in both childhood trauma and self-harm in adults with clinical depression and non-clinical controls. Through a non-probability purposive sampling, 100 adults (with n = 50 each with clinical depression and non-clinical controls) with an age range of 18-65 years were recruited. All participants responded to a Sociodemographic Information Sheet, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (Bernstein et al., 1994) and the Inventory of Statements about Self-injury (Klonsky & Glenn, 2008) were used for data collection. Results indicated a significant positive association between childhood trauma and self-harm only in adults with clinical depression while also concluding no significant gender differences across the study variables. Other than chalking out future research directions for academics, these findings are mainly relevant to professionals working in clinical and counselling settings as they provided valuable insights into the indigenous dynamics of childhood trauma and self-harm across adults with clinical depression and non-clinical controls.

The current study aimed to find the relationship between charismatic leadership, mentoring effectiveness and self-determination in physical education instructors. It was hypothesized that there would be a negative relationship between charismatic leadership and mentoring effectiveness and a positive relationship between charismatic leadership and self-determination. Charismatic leadership and mentoring effectiveness would be significant positive predictors of self-determination. Data were collected from male physical education teachers from Lahore using a convenient sampling. The research findings indicate that instructors with strategic vision, sensitivity to the environment, and sensitivity to members’ needs have a high awareness of themselves and their perceived choices. There were non-significant family systems, educational differences, and income differences in self-determination among physical education instructors. = This study would help explore leadership styles in connection to mentoring effectiveness and self-determination for better teaching efficacy and the development of academia. Future research can include female teachers and cities other than Lahore.

Conflicts occupy a pertinent role in every aspect of human life and organizational settings are not an exception. In the absence of indigenous, comprehensive and latest assessment measures for organizational conflict types and management styles, the present study aimed to develop and validate inventories for both constructs by converging on the sociocultural context. Ensuing an exploratory sequential design, the investigation started with a qualitative study in which five focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted with 30 professionals (including teachers, bankers, engineers, managers and doctors) who shared their experiences of organizational conflicts by highlighting types and management styles. From an initial pool of 137 items (65 & 72 items respectively), the subject matter experts finalized 55 items each for organizational conflict types and management style inventories. In study II, exploratory factor analysis was administered on a sample of 400 adult professionals resulting in a six-factor Qayyum-Younas Organizational Conflict Types Inventory (QY-OCTI) with 40 items. It was later confirmed by running a Confirmatory Factor Analysis on another sample of 400 professionals. In study III, EFA was conducted on a sample of 310 participants that revealed a six-factor model of the Qayyum-Younas Organizational Conflict Management Styles Inventory (QY-OCMSI) with 48 items and this model was later confirmed by running CFA on a sample of 490 participants. These scales have significant research, academic and organizational setting-based implications.