Taxonomic information provides the base line for most of the studies in biological sciences. Most of taxonomic information based on phenotypic characteristics of plants. As phenotypic markers are under the influence of environment, therefore it may leads toward the taxonomic confusion. Therefore, present study was carried out to determine the effect of environment on types of stomata, number, size, and stomata patterning which is very useful feature in taxonomy. In the present study thirty arboreal species of dicot flora (from tropical and subtropical regions) belonging to eight orders and fifteen families are evaluated by using systematic tool i.e. stomatal pattering. Stomata play a vital role in gas exchange of dicot plants. Within dicot flora, eight shapes of stomata are observed (anomocytic, anomotetracytic, actinocytic, amphianisocytic, brachyparacytic, anisocytic, amphicyclocytic and staurocytic). In leaves, the pattern of stomatal distribution is highly variable between arboreal species of dicot but is regulated by a mechanism of one cell spacing between stomata. Epidermal anatomical marker showed the different mode of

The Kashmir is rich in biodiversity and is known as the biomass state of India (Lawrence, 1895). Phytogeographically located at the Holarctic and Paleotropical intersection in the North-Western Himalaya, this bio-region harbours luxurious treasures of plant diversity. The Kashmir region is rich in gymnosperm diversity, which forms an important component, floristically, ecologically and socio-economically: it is known as the green gold of the state of Jammu and Kashmir. Gymnosperms harbour a rich diversity of flora and fauna under their canopies. They are the rich source of diverse economic and medicinal products, providing innumerable products, including timber, fuel, gums, resins, medicines and many more useful products, besides acting as effective wind-breaks, especially the evergreen species, which also slow soil erosion and protect watersheds. The single giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), the state tree of California, which grows at Yarikhah Drug Farm (Tangmarg) in Kashmir Valley is the lone representative in the India subcontinent. Due to their immense importance, the gymnosperms have been overexploited by the human population. Sustainable management and conservation of these gymnosperms is urgently required. Anthropogenic activities should be checked and the stake holders educated about the proper harvesting of gymnosperm flora for different uses.

Determining which traits allow species to live at higher elevations is essential to understanding the forces that shape montane biodiversity. For the many animals that rely on flight for locomotion, a long‐standing hypothesis is that species with relatively large wings should better persist in high‐elevation environments because wings that are large relative to the body generate more lift and decrease the aerobic costs of remaining aloft. Although these biomechanical and physiological predictions have received some support in birds, other flying taxa often possess smaller wings at high elevations or no wings at all. To test if predictions about the requirements for relative wing size at high elevations are generalizable beyond birds, we conducted macroecological analyses on the altitudinal characteristics of 302 Nearctic dragonfly species. Consistent with the biomechanical and aerobic hypotheses, species with relatively larger wings live at higher elevations and have wider elevation breadths—even after controlling for a species' body size, mean thermal conditions, and range size. Moreover, a species' relative wing size had nearly as large of an impact on its maximum elevation as being adapted to the cold. Relatively large wings may be essential to high‐elevation life in species that completely depend on flight for locomotion, like dragonflies or birds. With climate change forcing taxa to disperse upslope, our findings further suggest that relatively large wings could be a requirement for completely volant taxa to persist in montane habitats.

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