Milk fever is a condition in which an animal's body fails to maintain calcium homeostasis as a result of an increase in calcium demand during pregnancy or lactation. The clinical care of probable milk fever with the retained placenta in a Friesian cow following twin calves was described in this case. The principal complaint of a four-yearold Holstein Friesian cow weighing 450 kg was weakness and inability to stand a day after the birth of two calves. The cow was found to be in sternal recumbency and unable to stand, with the placenta hanging from the vulva region. The cow's vital signs were all normal, but she had a weak heartbeat. Milk fever, downers' cow syndrome, and hypophosphatemia were the differential diagnosis at the time. Based on the history of parturition of two calves and thus hypocalcemia, the cow was diagnosed with probable milk fever. Flunixin meglumine 1.1 mg/kg was given intravenously to the cow as an anti-inflammatory, anti-pyrexia, and analgesic. Then, as a calcium supply, 500 mL of calcium borogluconate (23%) was slowly supplied intravenously at a rate of 1 drop/second. After 10 minutes, the cow responded to the treatment. In addition, the retained placenta was irrigated with 0.9% normal saline lavaged into the uterus. As a last lavage, 20 mL of oxytetracycline (20 mg/kg) was injected into the uterine body. Finally, to avoid additional bacterial infections, a broad range long-acting oxytetracycline (20 mg/kg) antibiotic was given intramuscularly once. During the treatment of milk fever, the major focus should be on therapeutic treatment to restore the calcium level in the blood.

We give generalizations and refinements of Jensen and Jensen− Mercer inequalities by using weights which satisfy the conditions of Jensen and Jensen− Steffensen inequalities. We also give some refinements for discrete and integral version of generalized Jensen−Mercer inequality and shown to be an improvement of the upper bound for the Jensen’s difference given in [32]. Applications of our work include new bounds for some important inequalities used in information theory, and generalizing the relations among means.

Follicular and luteal phases of estrus cycle of Tapri and mixed goats under semi intensive management system. In order to get insight to understand the mechanism of steroidogenesis and study of various phases of estrus cycle in highly prolific Tapri goats of Sindh, in first phase an attempt was made to determine the length of various phases of estrus cycle of Tapri breed and its comparison with cross breed goats during three estrus cycles. Total ten healthy adult cycling goats (five from each breed) were maintained at the departments of animal reproduction and livestock management, FAHVS, SAU, Tandojam. Vaginal cytology method was used as marker to determine the status of estrus cycle. It was found that mean length of estrus cycle in tapri and cross breed goats were 21.32±0.26 and 21.2±0.56 days, respectively, both the longest (22.2±0.67 days) and shortest (20.4±0.66 days) duration of estrus cycles length were found in cross breed. The length of follicular phase including the estrus was 1.48±0.07, 1.34±0.01 days and during proestrus period it was 2.98±0.01 and 3.20±0.1 days in tapri breed and cross breed respectively, similarly, during luteal phase the length of metestrus and diestrus were in tapri versus cross breed goats were 3.25±0.14 vs 3.28±0.6 and 13.59±0.10 vs 13.28±0.4 days, respectively.

No abstract