Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020, 30, 1910479 The carrier charge injection efficiency of photoanodes was estimated by the equation: [21,55] J J J J CH OH 3 ) is defined as 100%. Therefore, the hole injection efficiency can be calculated by the equation: [55] J J J /The authors declare no conflict of interest.

AlN (0001) epitaxial films have been grown on Al (111) substrates with an in-plane epitaxial relationship of AlN[112 ¯0]//Al[11 ¯0] by pulsed laser deposition. The as-grown AlN films grown at 450 °C exhibited a very smooth and flat surface with a surface rootmean-square roughness less than 1.1 nm. There is no interfacial layer existing between AlN films and Al substrates, indicating an abrupt interface. The as-grown ~302 nm thick AlN films are almost fully relaxed only with an in-plane compressive strain of 0.16%. With the increase in growth temperature, the interfacial layer thickness increases, resulting in the degradation in the crystalline quality of the as-grown AlN films. These AlN films are of great interest for the commercial development of AlN-based devices.

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High-quality nonpolar m-plane GaN-based light-emitting diode (LED) wafers have been deposited on LiGaO2(100) substrates by a combination of pulsed laser deposition and molecular beam epitaxy technologies.