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An integrated scheme of X-ray communication and detection is proposed in this paper, which is used for the detection of the unknown target inside the coating while communication. In contrast to the X-ray communication methods reported previously, simultaneous communication and radar detection have two distinct features. One is that both communication and detection signals share the same X-ray source and channel, so the spatial resources can be effectively utilized. The other is that X-ray can penetrate the metal shielding structure and detect the internal materials effectively. In order to achieve the above goals, the propagation feasibility of an X-ray signal in space and space sparse plasma environment are first analyzed. Simulation and experiment results indicate that the X-ray carrier can realize transmission without attenuation in space environment. Then, an X-ray radar and communication demonstration system is built to verify the detection ability of coated materials. Experimental results show that when the characteristic spectrum value of the unknown target is much higher than that of the rest shell, the spatial X-ray radar system can achieve more accurate discrimination. Finally, a conclusion is reached, and some feasible detection suggestions are provided for this simultaneous detection and communication system.