The assessment of flow velocity (FV) in the left atrial appendage (LAA) by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has been reported to be a useful tool as a high risk marker for systemic emboli. The analysis of FV in LAA by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) has not yet been validated. The purpose of this study was to compare FV measurements in the LAA by TEE and TTE in 30 consecutive patients (age 19-87 years, mean = 55) sent for echocardiographic study with the following diagnosis: stroke (11 patients), mitral stenosis (6 patients), congenital heart disease (4 patients), mitral prosthetic function assessment (2 patients), and other pathologies (7 patients). FV was measured at the outlet and mid-portion of the LAA with TTE, from the apical two-chamber view and with biplane TEE, from the longitudinal two-chamber view. Satisfactory measurements were obtained with TTE from the outlet of the LAA in 96.7% and from the mid-portion of the LAA in 90% of patients. One third of patients were in atrial fibrillation (AF) during the study. The mean FV in the outlet of the LAA was 32.7 +/- 2.5 (SE) cm/sec with TTE and was 33.7 +/- 3.04 (SE) cm/sec with TEE (r = 0.95). The mean FV in the mid-portion of the LAA was 40.9 +/- 3.3 and 42.7 +/- 3.9 with TTE and TEE respectively (P = NS) (r = 0.95). There was no difference in the LAA FV determination by TTE and TEE in the subgroup with AF. TTE was able to detect FV < 30 cm/sec with a sensitivity of 88% and specificity of 81% and a positive predictive value of 84% compared with TEE.
The biodiversity and composition of endoparasites in fish obtained from the Antarctic and subantarctic zones are compared in this study. Several fish were collected in the summer from Antarctica (King George Island) and the Southern Pacific coast (Strait of Magellan and Almirante Montt Gulf). This database was complemented with published information on fish endoparasite communities from both zones, with specimens of fish sample size n ≥ 15. Thus, 31 fish species were analysed in this study, which altogether had 79 parasite species. Diversity indices were calculated for the parasite community of each fish species. Then they were compared between the Antarctic and subantarctic zones. Parasite species composition and host specificity (as the number of fish species used by a parasite species) were also analysed and compared between zones. The diversity indices and the abundance of parasites were significantly higher in the Antarctic than the subantarctic fish. Few parasite species (7.6%) were shared between fish from both zones, showing significant differences in parasite composition. Antarctic parasites were less host-specific than subantarctic parasites, which allowed the coexistence of several parasite species in the fish. The high parasite abundance in Antarctic fish could trigger sympatric speciation in certain parasitic lineages or the exploitation of new resources, resulting in more parasite species than those in subantarctic environments. The high abundance of Antarctic parasites implies different methods and rates of transmission than those of subantarctic parasites. In addition, more alternative fish hosts were used by the Antarctic than subantarctic parasites. This altogether indicates that host–parasite interaction dynamics significantly differ between the Antarctic and subantarctic systems.
El conocimiento de comunidades de parásitos es muy abundante en peces marinos; sin embargo, hay varias especies que tienen escasa información parasitológica, como es el caso de Patagonotothen tessellata (Richardson, 1845), que posee una amplia distribución y abundancia en la Patagonia. Este estudio tuvo como objetivos determinar la composición comunitaria de parásitos en P. tessellata, y determinar el efecto del sexo de los hospederos en la composición parasítica a través de los descriptores poblacionales y comunitarios de parásitos. En enero de 2018 se recolectaron 118 ejemplares de P. tessellata en dos localidades cercanas entre sí, Muelle Prat y Muelle Remota, Puerto Natales, Chile Austral. En los peces capturados se encontró un total de 13 especies de parásitos, principalmente del Phylum Nematoda y Acanthocephala, de los cuales el nemátodo Pseudodelphis sp. seguido por el acantocéfalo Hypoechinorhynchus magellanicus (Szidat, 1950) fueron los de mayor prevalencia (78,8% y 53,4%, respectivamente) y abundancia (7,18 ± 17,95 y 7,30 ± 15,21, respectivamente). Se determinó que hospederos machos y hembras tenían iguales tamaños corporales y la misma correlación positiva entre peso-longitud, además, no se observaron diferencias significativas en composición y carga parasitaria. Mientras que el género de los peces tampoco afectó la composición parasítica para P. tessellata, pues, no hubo diferencias significativas en la prevalencia ni en la abundancia promedio de las especies de parásitos entre hospederos machos y hembras. Estos resultados indican la semejanza en las comunidades de parásitos entre sexos de P. tessellata y dan a presumir de que las condiciones del hábitat o la dieta de este pez son similares entre machos y hembras. De este modo, ambos grupos estarían expuestos a la infección de las mismas especies parásitas y en similares condiciones ambientales.
En la presente investigación se analizó la comunidad de parásitos de dos especies de tiburones del sur de Chile debido al escaso conocimiento de la relación entre parásitos y tiburones de la zona. Un total de 24 especímenes del tiburón linterna Etmopterus granulosus y siete especímenes de la pintarroja del sur Schroederichthys bivius fueron recolectados en el estrecho de Magallanes en enero de 2017 y 2018. Se encontró un total de 87 individuos de parásitos pertenecientes a siete especies de parásitos en E. granulosus y 192 individuos de parásitos de siete especies en S. bivius. La abundancia promedio de parásitos fue mayor en la pintarroja del sur que en el tiburón linterna, con 27,5 ± 25,5 parásitos/hospedero y 3,5 ± 3,3 parásitos/hospedero, respectivamente. Pocos parásitos fueron prevalentes y abundantes; tales como los nematodos Pseudoterranova sp. (41,7% de prevalencia; 1,46 parásitos/pez) y Anisakis sp. (29,2% de prevalencia; 1,21 parásitos/pez) presentes en E. granulosus, y el copépodo Tautochondria sp. (85,7% de prevalencia; 9,14 parásitos/pez) y el nematodo Proleptus niedmanni (71,4% de prevalencia; 14,86 parásitos/pez) presentes en S. bivius. La similitud en la composición de especies parásitas fue baja entre E. granulosus y S. bivius (14,6%), ya que sólo dos especies de parásitos, los anisákidos Pseudoterranova sp. y Anisakis sp., fueron compartidos entre ambos hospederos, a pesar de ser especies simpátricas. Por tanto, la desigual composición de los parásitos entre ambas especies de tiburones podría explicarse por sus historias evolutivas distintas, que implican numerosas diferencias ecológicas entre los hospederos.
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