Teprotumumab (TPT) is a type I insulinlike growth factor receptor inhibitor, marketed as Tepezza; recently USFDA approved it for the treatment of thyroid eye disease (thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO), Graves ophthalmopathy/ orbitopathy) in the USA. It is a monoclonal antibody although it was initially developed in collaboration with Genmab and Roche for the treatment of the tumour, but later it was investigated by River Vision Development Corporation and Horizon Therapeutics for its ophthalmic use. The drug has been designated as an orphan drug, breakthrough designation and fasttrack designation. This review summarizes the milestones in the research and development including ongoing, clinical trial of TPT till now, foremost to this primary approval for thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO).

Dengue fever is prevalent in subtopic regions, producing mortality and morbidity worldwide, which have been of major concern to different governments and World Health Organization. The search of new anti‐dengue agents from phytochemicals was assumed to be highly emergent in past. The phytochemicals have been used in wide distribution of vector ailments such as malaria. The demand of the phytochemicals is based on the medicines which are mostly considered to be safer, less harmful than synthetic drugs and nontoxic. This review mentions majorly about the phytochemicals potentially inhibiting dengue fever around the world. The phytochemicals have been isolated from different species, have potential for the treatment of dengue. Different crude extracts and essential oils obtained from different species showed a broad activity against different phytochemicals. The current studies showed that natural products represent a rich source of medicines toward the dengue fever. Furthermore, ethnobotanical surveys and laboratory investigation established identified natural plants species in the development of drug discovery to control the dengue fever.

: Several lipid-based nanophytomedicnes for illustrations, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanocomposites, lipid carriers, phytosomes, cubosomes, nanoemulsions, microcapsules, ethosomes, etc., exploited to enhance the efficacy and safety of the various bioactive phytochemicals in respect to their delivery to therapeutic target sites. Less lipid solubility, week stability, complex moiety, and inadequate metabolism in gut are approximately of the serious problems of phytomedicine that have been emphasized extreme. In addition, these are helping design therapeutically efficacious active nanophytomedicnes. In addition, disease diagnosis and compound imaging have become the important application of nanophytomedicine now. The aim of this review is to provide the current progress of lipid-based nanophytomedicnes for treatment of various life-threatening disease and its theranostic application.

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Background: Carica papaya L. is consumed worldwide because of its high nutritional and medicinal benefits due to the presence of polyphenols. Objective: The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of polyphenols present in C. papaya in dengue fever against cyclophosphamide (CP) induced thrombocytopenia in balb/c mice. Method: Platelet count (PC), total leukocyte count (TLC), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), prothrombin time (PT), anti-platelet antibodies IgG and IgM were analysed in blood/serum of animals treated for 21 days with standardized C. papaya leaf juice (CPLJ) and its bioactivity guided selected fractions (SFs). A new HPLC-PDA method was developed to study pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of phytoconstituents in plasma of bioactive butanol fraction (BBF) and CPLJ treated mice. CPLJ and BBF were metabolically distinguished by UPLC-qTOF/MS for metabolite signature. Results: Animals orally treated with BBF elicited significant reduction in blood/serum levels of aPTT, PT, AST, ALT and antibodies IgG and IgM. However, thrombocyte count was significantly (p<0.01) increased. A total of 12 and 9 metabolites were tentatively identified using UPLC-qTOF/MS in BBF and CPLJ, respectively. PK parameters evaluated by noncompartmental model showed Cmax of plant flavonoids and phenolic acids including caffeic acid, para-coumaric acid, vanillic acid, myricetin and trans-ferulic acid (0.10, 0.49, 0.61, 5.97, 36.29 µg/mL, respectively) and half-life (24, 6, 26, 15 and 13 h), respectively. Conclusion: Collectively, our data suggest that the polyphenol enriched fraction of CPLJ might reverse acute thrombocytopenia by accelerating the platelets regeneration from megakaryocytes, providing strong rational for its use in the treatment of dengue fever-related thrombocytopenia. Thus, the BBF can be used as phytopharmaceuticals for the enhancement of platelets by using as adjuvants or alone.