Dental extractions are common. Atraumatic extractions utilizing various technologies are said to protect paradental structures. The new physics forceps can extract the teeth without stress. Objective: To compare the efficacy of physics versus conventional forcep in extraction of mandibular first molar. Methods: Patients aged 18 t0 40 requiring extraction of mandibular first molar were included in the study. The efficacy of extraction was evaluated based on bone loss, soft tissue tear, time required for extraction, postoperative pains, and root fracture. The participants were divided into two groups (Physics forcep and conventional forcep) using block randomization technique, and the pain and time between both groups were compared using independent samples t-test. Results: The two groups had a mean age of 2.85 ± 0.355 years. Physics Forceps (n=1, 6.7%) caused less soft tissue tears than Conventional Forceps (n=14, 93.3%) (p=0.01). 55.5% of the Physics Forceps group and 44.5% of the Conventional Forceps group took more than 10 minutes to extract (p=0.045). Physics Forceps had a greater rate of complete success (p=0.043) than Conventional forceps (p=0.043). In terms of overall instrument utility, physics forceps scored better than Conventional forces in both good and average scores (p=0.021). The difference in mean pain score in the two groups was statistically significant (p=0.0018) at day 3 and day 7 (p=0.0001) being lower in physic forcep. Conclusions: Physics forceps are a more favorable substitute to traditional forceps for atraumatic tooth extraction.

COVID-19 has damaged most of the institutions in the world. Whereas education is the only paradigm which was transferred to online mode in most countries; thus, the Pandemic outbreak converted the world into a virtual society. This study aims to understand the challenges faced by BZU (HEI's) students in Pakistan while switching traditional learning to online learning. The purpose of this study is to investigate the learners' new experiences in synchronous online education and assess the practicality of the virtual synchronous method of learning. The current study is conducted under the qualitative research paradigm, using in-depth interviews to collect data and thematic content analysis techniques for analyzing the data. The result showed a digital divide and lack of ICT skills hinder this virtual process's success. There is a crucial need to establish an excellent infrastructure to promote online learning on a routine basis so that education institutes can immediately switch from brick-mortar to click-mortar learning systems in emergent situations.

The COVID-19 pandemic forcefully shifted the world into a virtual society; consequently, all the brick-mortar businesses moved toward click-mortar businesses. Considerable research has been done to improve the e-learning mode of education before the vigorous situation of COVID-19, which affected the whole world. The current review paper aims to conduct a study on e-learning in COVID-19, published from March 2020 till 2022. This paper analyzed 38 articles concerning the different modes of e-learning, synchronous, asynchronous, and blended e-learning. The digital divide and lack of ICT skills are the main hindrances in successful this virtual process. The current study revealed that these two modes of e-learning are not purely practical if used individually. In contrast, the combination of these two modes is beyond effective and raises students' satisfaction. There is a crucial need to establish a valid infrastructure to promote online learning on a routine basis so that education institutes can immediately switch from brick-mortar to click-mortar learning systems.

Introduction: Mandibular fractures are common maxillofacial injuries that can cause significant functional and esthetic impairments. Objectives: The main objective of the study is to find the effectiveness of early versus delayed open reduction and internal fixation for isolated mandibular fractures. Material and methods: This study is a retrospective analysis of patient conducted in Govt Lady Reading Hospital, Medical Teaching Institution, Peshawar, during January 2022 till December 2022 and data collected from medical records. The study compares the outcomes of early and delayed ORIF for isolated mandibular fractures. All patients who underwent ORIF for isolated mandibular fractures at a single institution over a two-year period were included in the study. Patients were excluded if they had associated injuries or comorbidities that could affect their outcomes or if they underwent surgery at another institution. Results: A total of 150 patients who underwent ORIF for isolated mandibular fractures were included in the study. Of these, 75 patients underwent early ORIF (within 72 hours of injury), and 75 patients underwent delayed ORIF (more than 72 hours after injury). The two groups were similar in terms of age, sex, and fracture type. Functional and esthetic outcomes were assessed using the Facial Disability Index and the Glasgow Benefit Inventory. The early ORIF group had a mean score of 75.2 on the Facial Disability Index, while the delayed ORIF group had a mean score of 68.9 (p < 0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, this study suggests that early ORIF for isolated mandibular fractures may lead to better functional and esthetic outcomes compared to delayed ORIF, without increasing the risk of complications or healthcare costs.

Online education has been in practice before COVID-19. However, COVID-19 pandemic has popularized online education. This study aims to explore the application of Process Virtualization Theory (PVT) in an e-learning process to gain new insights into the education context. Data was collected through an online survey from 362 university students in Pakistan. Results of the structural equational modeling indicate that eradication of digital divide can improve students’ engagement in virtual learning environments and thus entrench e-learning as a viable mode of education. Thus, this study has unfolded the understudied factor of digital divide in a developing country setting. To this end, the study underscored the threatening potential of digital divide to e-learning. Furthermore, the study has validated the notion of PVT theory that when a virtual process or a system reduces the need for sensory requirements, there are more chances of adoption. For educational institutions, the findings recommend incorporating offline learner-material and interaction capability (e.g., feedback) in their e-learning management system to promote students’ adoption of e-learning.