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As part of the World Food Program, investigating droughts is within the scope of our interest. Therefore, this paper presents results of studies on droughts in one of the most important economic regions of Azerbaijan. There are different methods to investigate drought. As chosen region is characterised by large precipitation, we preferred to use the SPI method to carry on our study. During the research, dry years were determined according to the seasonal and annual data from weather stations in the province.

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Aim of the study The use of underground water for drinking water supply has increased over the recent years, due to intensive pollution of local and transboundary rivers in the Greater Caucasus region of Azerbaijan. In addition to relatively deep groundwaters, underground flow of rivers is also widely used for the purpose. The purpose of the present study is to analyze the condition of underground flow of rivers in the region, and to determine their territorial distribution patterns. Material and methods The possibilities of using the minimum monthly water discharge have been investigated to determine the annual rates of underground flow to rivers. The study was conducted in 4 options, and in each option the values obtained based on the minimum monthly discharge of underground flow have been compared to values obtained based on hydrographs separation drawn up for typical years. Results and conclusions The underground flow coefficient, which is a quantitative indication of the recharge of groundwaters by infiltration in the Greater Caucasus region, is affected by the physical and geographical factors. As the average altitude increases, the underground flow coefficient also increases. Thus, the average altitude of catchment area is an integral indicator of the physical and geographical factors affecting the recharge of groundwaters by infiltration. The difference between the average multi-year values of the Greater Caucasus rivers baseflow coefficient and the coefficient of recharge by groundwater is about 0.25. In the area under investigation, the coefficient of recharge by groundwater for the studied rivers is on average 63.85% in dry years, 55.2% in medium years, and 59.5% in wet years.