Episodic memories for autobiographical events that happen in unique spatiotemporal contexts are central to defining who we are. Yet, before 2 years of age, children are unable to form or store episodic memories for recall later in life, a phenomenon known as infantile amnesia. Here, we studied the development of allocentric spatial memory, a fundamental component of episodic memory, in two versions of a real-world memory task requiring 18 month-to 5-year-old children to search for rewards hidden beneath cups distributed in an open-field arena. Whereas children 25-42-months-old were not capable of discriminating three reward locations among 18 possible locations in absence of local cues marking these locations, children older than 43 months found the reward locations reliably. These results support previous findings suggesting that allocentric spatial memory, if present, is only rudimentary in children under 3.5 years of age. However, when tested with only one reward location among four possible locations, children 25-39-months-old found the reward reliably in absence of local cues, whereas 18-23-month-olds did not. Our findings thus show that the ability to form a basic allocentric representation of the environment is present by 2 years of age, and its emergence coincides temporally with the offset of infantile amnesia. However, the ability of children to distinguish and remember closely related spatial locations improves from 2 to 3.5 years of age, a developmental period marked by persistent deficits in long-term episodic E-mail address: pierre.lavenex@unifr.ch (P. Lavenex).memory known as childhood amnesia. These findings support the hypothesis that the differential maturation of distinct hippocampal circuits contributes to the emergence of specific memory processes during early childhood.

Although most research on the effect of tobacco warnings has been focused on attitude changes following the presentation of tobacco warnings, this paper takes a somewhat new perspective by investigating cognitive processing of tobacco warnings by adolescents of different ages (i.e., 14-, 16-, and 18-year-olds). More specifically, this paper investigates the way adolescents encode different textual elements presented in tobacco warnings. By means of a standard psycholinguist paradigm (i.e., sentence evaluation paradigm), we evaluated tobacco warnings differing along three variables: (1) severity, (2) time consequence and (3) target (health vs. others). Our main result demonstrated noticeable differences between the age groups and between smoking experiences in the cognitive processing of tobacco warnings. Our experimental paradigm represents an important step in identifying the mechanisms through which certain types of written warnings are cognitively processed, which in turn may well set a critical base for understanding decision makers' responses to risky behaviors such as smoking and for constructing adequate health warnings.

L'étiologie des allodynies mécaniques est sujette à la controverse. Dans cette recherche, 25 allodynies mécaniques stastiques (AMS), traitées par rééducation sensitive (n = 23 patients), ont été étudiées topographiquement : les AMS cartographiées (allodynographies) rétrécis-sent en surface. Leur mode de disparition successif a été cartographié, ainsi que l'apparition de leur hypoesthésie. Le centre de la cartographie de la dernière AMS se situe en regard du centre de la dernière cartographie de son hypoesthésie (esthésiographie secondaire) : 9,7 mm en moyenne AE ET = 8,0 (étendue : 1-38 mm). Nous concluons que l'AMS disparaît vers le centre de son hypoesthésie. En présence d'une hypersensibilité au toucher, cette observation devrait aider le clinicien à identifier l'étiologie du nerf cutané lésé.Abstract: The aetiology of mechanical allodynia is still controversial. In the present study, we investigated the precise locations of 25 static mechanical allodynias (SMA) treated by somatosensory rehabilitation (n = 23 patients): the allodynic territory mapped (allodynography) was seen to shrink. The mode of progressive regression and finally disappearance of the SMA was mapped, as was the hypoaesthesia. The center of the final SMA map is aligned with the center of the final hypoaesthesia map (secondary aesthesiography): the inter-center distance was on average 9.7 mm AE SD = 8.0 (range: 1-38 mm). We conclude that the SMA disappears in the direction of the centre of the underlying hypoaesthesia. In cases of hypersensitivity to touch, this observation should help the physician identify the damaged cutaneous nerve.

This experiment investigated challenge evaluations in soccer and their relation to prejudice: more precisely, whether skin colour may influence judgments of soccer tackles. Three groups of participants (soccer players, referees, and soccer fans) were asked to evaluate challenges, featuring Black and White players as aggressors and victims in a mixed-design study. Results showed that participants made some differentiations between Black and White players in a challenge evaluation task. Participants were more likely to consider within-group challenges as fouls and were faster to consider challenges made by Black players as fouls. On the other hand, fouls made by White players were seen as more severe. There were no major differences between the participating groups, suggesting that the observed effects were independent of how good players were or whether the participants were referees or not.

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