There is the potential for hybridised gas engine-energy storage systems to participate in the Balancing Mechanism (BM) by offering a product that marries the advantages of both units. The higher price offerings are currently dominated by pumped storage (PS) assets. Given their high-flexibility, PS plants mostly offer at higher prices, but respond quicker and can run for a smaller minimum run time than a gas engine on its own. The operation of the hybrid system must match the operation of the pumped storage plants, to be able to claim a space in this part of the BM market including meeting a minimum run time and minimum start time. The business case is dependent on battery costs which in turn depend on size and operational strategy. This paper uses a case study approach to estimate Net Present Value of a hybrid system. The paper uses a mixture of publicly available data and industrially provided data within its analysis. The paper concludes that battery cost and lifespan are still issues and that battery-engine hybrids are not economic at present. There is indication in the modelling that under very favorable conditions such as low compound interest rates, an acceptance of offers above 7 times/day and low gas price, it is possible to see a return on investment of a lithium ion-based battery-gas engine hybrid.

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It is expected that the future UK's grid inertia will reduce as the UK moves towards decarbonisation. The consequence is that National Grid may have to have to increase its spending on primary frequency responses, to keep the frequency within limits. There is however, potential for National Grid to reduce this cost with the assistance of a dynamic domestic Demand Side Management schemes. This paper considers how domestic appliances may be utilised to help with frequency response. This paper looks at the potential size of a domestic appliance service using a droop based scheme to participate in dynamic Demand Side Management for frequency response and determines the impact of this on frequency response costs.