Background: Macular oedema is one of the important signs in patients with diabetic retinopathy which progresses to complete blindness. Therefore, early diagnosis of the disease can prevent the progression of disease. Methods: This comparative study was conducted on 200 eyes of 100 diabetics and non-diabetics each. Subjects were divided into five groups according to the International Clinical Diabetic Retinopathy Disease Severity Scale. In each stage, macula was assessed for the presence or absence of Clinically Significant Macular Oedema (CSME) by using Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) method. Results: The maximum percent of patients are present in the age group of 50-60 years. The maximum and minimum percent of patients in both the genders are diagnosed in the stage 3 and stage 4 retinopathy respectively. The mean Central Macular Thickness (CMT) in the study group was 291.0±63.0 microns and the mean CMT in the control group was 216.5±11.7 microns. Central macular thickness was seen to increase progressively with increasing stages of diabetic retinopathy. A statistically significant difference in mean CMT of controls when compared with each of the diabetic subgroups independently was observed. Conclusion: Macular thickening increased with increasing stages of diabetic retinopathy without evidence of any clinically significant macular oedema. It can be used as a good indicator to monitor such diabetic individuals.

To evaluate the changes in intraocular pressure and macular thickness after Nd: Yag laser posterior capsulotomy. Methodology: This prospective study included 91 eyes of 78 patients who were diagnosed as posterior capsule opacification (PCO), following uncomplicated cataract surgery. All the patients were examined preoperatively and 1 hour post-procedure, 1 week and 4 weeks after Nd: YAG capsulotomy. IOP and macular thickness of all the patients was measured by Goldmann applanation tonometry and optical coherence tomography (OCT), respectively before performing the procedure and at subsequent visits. Patients were divided into two groups based on energy used (Group I ≤50 mJ, Group II >50 mJ). None of the patients received prophylactic antiglaucoma medications either before or after the procedure. Results: There were 42 males and 36 female patients included in the study. Mean age of the patients was 53.87 ± 10.24 years (45-80 years). Mean total energy levels were 38.64±13.92 mJ in Group I and 85.76±22.10 mJ in Group II. In Group I, IOP did not increase at 1 hour postoperatively (P=0.063) and was within normal limits at 1 week and 4 weeks. In Group II, IOP increased at 1 hour postoperatively (P<0.001) and did not return to preoperative levels at 1-week follow-up (P=0.003). Likewise, macular thickness increased at 1 hour in group II (P<0.001). In Group I, macular thickness was normal at 1 week follow up whereas in Group II, it remained significantly high at 1-week follow-up (P=0.006). There was no case with serious rise in IOP or cystoid macular edema. However, at subsequent followup intervals, the difference between the IOP and macular thickness between two groups was not significant statistically. Conclusion: Nd-YAG laser capsulotomy causes rise in IOP and macular thickness which can sustain up to a substantial period. The amount of energy used in Nd: YAG laser posterior capsulotomy is significantly correlated to rise in IOP and increased macular thickness.

To analyse the serum cortisol and serum testosterone levels in idiopathic central serous chorioretinopathy. Material and methods: The prospective interventional study was conducted in the central laboratory associated with the Department of Ophthalmology, Subharti Medical College, Meerut. A study was conducted in 30 cases of CSR. The patients were divided into two groups i.e. Group A (15 patients with unilateral sudden painless loss of vision of less than one month of duration serving as cases and Group B (15 patients with no signs and symptoms serving as control). Evaluation of Macular thickness was done using OPTOVUE RTvue 100 OCT procedure. After pupil dilation, the patient is seated at the machine, asked to fixate at the internal fixation point and scan is obtained. The macular thickness map was taken to measure the thickness of macula. Fundus Fluorescein Angiography (FFA) was done, if required. Patients of both the groups underwent investigations such as dilated fundus examination, serum cortisol and serum testosterone levels. Results: Mean serum cortisol (μg/dL) among the case group was higher as compared to the control group with statistically significant difference as p<0.05. Mean serum cortisol levels compared between ink-blot pattern and smoke-stack patterns on FFA had no statistical significance. Mean serum testosterone (ngm/mL) among the case group (3.78±1.58) was lesser as compared to the control group (4.34±1.72) with statistically significant difference. Conclusion: ICSC is highly significant and significant associated with elevated 8.00 a.m. serum cortisol and testosterone level respectively.

To explore the role of serum uric acid (SUA) concentration in diabetic retinopathy (DR) for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: The present prospective observational study was conducted in department of Ophthalmology at Chattrapati Shivaji Subharti hospital from December 2019 to November 2020. The diabetic patients were assigned to one of the following groups based on presence and severity of diabetic retinopathy with the help of fundus photographs and/or fundus fluorescein angiography. Results: On correlation analysis, it was found that there is significant relationship between Serum Uric Acid and fundus grading of diabetic retinopathy as r=.310 and p <0.016. On regression analysis, the model summary states that 9.6% variation can be explained by serum uric acid on fundus grade as R square =.096 with P=.016 and hence regression model is significant.

To evaluate the choroidal thickness in patients with different refractive status measured by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Material and methods: This cross-sectional observational study consisted of 60 subjects, who visited the out-patient department of Ophthalmology, Chattrapati Shivaji Subharti Hospital, Meerut, India and were randomly selected over a period of 1 year. Subjects were classified into three groups based on refractive error: those with a +1 diopter or greater refractive power were assigned to the hyperopia group; those with a diopter lower than +1 and greater than -1 were assigned to the emmetropia group; and those with a -1 diopter or lower diopter were assigned to the myopia group. All patients underwent a clinical history taking and a complete ophthalmic examination. OCT scanning was performed using Optovue RTvue 100 which utilises spectral domain (SD)-OCT. The choroid was visualized by enhanced depth imaging (EDI) technique. Choroidal scans were obtained for all the eyes using enhanced depth imaging (EDI) using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Data was recorded in excel sheet and subjected to statistical analysis. Results: Compared to emmetropic participants, myopic subjects had significantly thinner choroid in all the regions. Choroid of hyperopic subjects was significantly thicker than that of emmetropic subjects in most regions. Linear correlation testing revealed a close correlation between refractive error and choroidal thickness in all of the regions. Conclusion:High myopes have significantly thinner choroids than the emmetropic controls at all the retinal points studied, with the thinnest choroid at 1.5 mm nasal to the fovea.