Background: Macular oedema is one of the important signs in patients with diabetic retinopathy which progresses to complete blindness. Therefore, early diagnosis of the disease can prevent the progression of disease. Methods: This comparative study was conducted on 200 eyes of 100 diabetics and non-diabetics each. Subjects were divided into five groups according to the International Clinical Diabetic Retinopathy Disease Severity Scale. In each stage, macula was assessed for the presence or absence of Clinically Significant Macular Oedema (CSME) by using Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) method. Results: The maximum percent of patients are present in the age group of 50-60 years. The maximum and minimum percent of patients in both the genders are diagnosed in the stage 3 and stage 4 retinopathy respectively. The mean Central Macular Thickness (CMT) in the study group was 291.0±63.0 microns and the mean CMT in the control group was 216.5±11.7 microns. Central macular thickness was seen to increase progressively with increasing stages of diabetic retinopathy. A statistically significant difference in mean CMT of controls when compared with each of the diabetic subgroups independently was observed. Conclusion: Macular thickening increased with increasing stages of diabetic retinopathy without evidence of any clinically significant macular oedema. It can be used as a good indicator to monitor such diabetic individuals.

Background: Prevelance of Primary Open Angle Glaucoma Vs Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma. Methods: This study conducted in In this study between 20-60 year old patients included and diagnosed glaucoma. Results: In 680 patients , 484 (71.1%) showed PACG and 196 (28.8%) showed POAG (TABLE 3) & 127 (18.6%) patients severely affected with glaucoma, 491 (72.2%) patients moderately affected with glaucoma ,62 (9.1%)patient mildly affected with glaucoma.

To assess cases of risk factors of open angle glaucoma. One hundred fourteen adult patients who were diagnosed with open angle Glaucoma of either gender was enrolled in the study. Parameters such as smoking history, family status of open angle glaucoma, presence of AMD, previous pseudo-exfoliation, previous cataract surgery and intraocular pressure (IOP) was recorded. Off the 114 patients, 70 were males and 44 were females. Age group 40-49 had 24, 50- 59 years had 36 and 60-70 years had 54. Smoking history was seen among 50, family history was seen among 64, AMD was present in 55, pseudo-exfoliation was present in 46 and previous cataract surgery was seen among 34. Statistical tests showed significant difference (P< 0.05). Various risk factors were smoking history, family history, AMD, pseudo-exfoliation and previous cataract surgery.

Vernal keratoconjunctivitis is a chronic, recurrent, bilateral inflammatory disease of cornea and conjunctiva affecting young children. Various treatment modalities of VKC are topical mast cell stabilizers, anti-histaminics, corticosteroids, and immunomodulators. This study compared the efficacy of bepotastine besilate 1.5% and loteprednol etabonate 0.5% topical eye drops in subjects with allergic conjunctival disease. The patients were re-examined after 1 week and 2 weeks. At each follow up visit, best corrected visual acuity, anterior segment examination using slit lamp, tear film examination (Schirmer’s test and tear film breakup time) and intraocular pressure were measured. Patients were scored based on severity of signs and symptoms on day 1, 7 and 15. Itching, tearing, photophobia, upper tarsal papillae, limbus, keratitis and discharge score 1 and 2 for both eyes at day 1, 7 and 15 was significantly more among Bepotastine Besilate 1.5% compared to Loteprednol Etabonate. The mean IOP for both eyes at day 1, 7 and 15 was significantly more among Loteprednol Etabonate 0.5% compared to Bepotastine Besilate 1.5%.: This study demonstrated that LE was more efficacious than B.B in treating patients of VKC, but the mean IOP was found to be more in patients on LE.

Background: Glaucoma is an ischemic optic neuropathy comprising of raised intraocular pressure, optic disc changes and visual field defects. Due to fear of loss of vision, the therapy of Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG) targets lowering the IOP by either medical or surgical means. The aim of the study is to compare the reducing efficacy of IOP using Dorzolamide and Latanoprost topical eye drops in patients with Primary open angle glaucoma. Methods: The study was conducted in the Department of Ophthalmology, Teerthankar Mahaveer Medical College, TMU, Moradabad. Sixty patients were recruited for the study and divided into two groups of 30 each. Group D were administered with Dorzolamide 2% eye drops thrice daily while Group L received Latanoprost 0.005%eye drops once daily. Results: Out of all sixty patients, 56.67% belong to 41-60 years of age group. 28.33% of the patients were of more than 61 years of age and only 9 patients i.e. 15% were of between 20-40 year of age. The mean baseline IOP in Group D was 26.60 ± 2.91 mmHg and in Group L was 26.82 ± 2.23 mmHg (P=0.22). The mean IOP gradually decreases until 12th week in both the groups and the results were comparable in between the groups. The percent change in IOP in Group D was 29.97% and in Group L was 38.82%. Conclusion: Although both (latanoprost and dorzolamide) drugs were well tolerated by all the patients but the efficacy in decreasing IOP is superior with latanoprost.