Combination of PCR HRM with either RFLP or direct DNA sequencing was useful to detect K-RAS exon 2 and extended RAS mutations, respectively. Frequency of all RAS mutations in stage IV Indonesian (41%) was similar among Asians (41-49%), which tend to be lower than western (55%) CRC.

Taken together, identification of these HPV types, especially HPV 16, 18, 45, and 52, and their associated cervical lesions may improve cervical cancer preventive strategies in Indonesia.