A special place belongs to the historical thought of the late 19th - early 20th centuries in the spiritual heritage of the Tatar people. In a short time, Tatar historians have achieved significant results in the reconstruction and study of the national past. Their successes were appreciated by Russian and European scholars and orientalists, and their unconditional leadership among other Turkic Muslims was generally recognized. The works by Sh. Mardzhani, R. Fakhrutdinov, G. Akhmarov, H. Atlasi, G. Gubaidullin are being republished today and are returned to the reader. Their work is being successfully studied, but there are no works where the formation and development of Tatar historical science at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries would be considered specifically. A systematized study of the historical thought of the Tatars during the Jadid period, the determination of the characteristics, trends, and the directions of its development remains an urgent task of modern science. This scientific article examines the features of Russian-Tatar relation coverage by Tatar historians of the late 19th - early 20th centuries, reveals the information and analytical activities of censorship and its special attention to historical writings, contains an overview of little-known sources - popular editions and publications in time-based press, dated to the centenary of The Patriotic War of 1812 and the 300th anniversary of the House of Romanov, the authors of which, showing the commonality of the historical fate of Russians and Tatars, substantiated the thesis of "equal rights in a common Fatherland". The obtained analytical results are very effective in increasing the level of education of educators in this field.

A special place in the spiritual heritage of the Tatar people belongs to the historical thought of the late XIX -early XX centuries. Tatar historians achieved significant results in the reconstruction and study of the national past in a short time. However, there is no works "where the formation and development of the Tatar historical science of the late XIX-early XX centuries would be considered specially". Systematized study of the historical thought of the Tatars of the period of Jadidism, the identification of features, trends, directions of its development remains an actual task of modern science. This paper is aimed at investigating the specific features of the spiritual and social and political development of the Tatar people at the end of the XIX -beginning of the XX centuries. The leading method for the investigation of this problem is the comparativehistorical one, which includes historical comparisons, and also gives the opportunity to study both historiographic facts relating to a particular historical situation and the phenomena of historiography in their qualitative change, contributing to the elucidation of the laws of the development of historical thought. The main results: the development of the historical thought of the Tatar intelligentsia during the period of Jadidism was generalized for the first time, the features of the development of historical knowledge and the formation of the foundations of historical science in the Tatars at the end of the XIX -beginning of the XX centuries were singled out, its main directions were identified, their problems and development tendencies were shown. Bringing around a wide range of sources and taking into account the estimates existing in the literature, the authors attempted to conduct integrated study and analysis of the discussions on the ethnonym and ethnic self-identification that played an important role in the formation of the historical and national identity of the Tatars.

The relevance of the problem is defined by the value of the cultural and historical experience of interaction between Islamic and Christian civilizations in the Volga region to form the cultural dialogue at the present stage. Besides, the reference to the historical experience of the cultural dialogue is dictated by the need to design a concept of the cultural development of multinational Russia. The purpose of the article is to show the role of education and enlightenment in the formation of inter-ethnic and inter-faith dialogue in the Volga region. Objectives of the study and features of the studied material -was what determined the choice of a comparative and historical method and the concrete analysis as the main research methods which most completely reveal the methodological principle of historicism. The article emphasizes the main stages of the cultural dialogue in the Volga region and reveals that at the traditions revival stage the experience of cross-cultural interaction of the second half of 19 th -the beginning of the 20 th centuries, including in the field of education and enlightenment is used. The materials of the article can be useful for creating-generalizing works on Russian history and cultural history of the people of Russia, for students` educational work as well as for administrative decision-making in the social and cultural spheres.

The usual Crimean studies have formulated a concept of lack of the genesis of traditional Crimean culture due to its approach to an ethnic history of Crimea as a replacement of a number of various and distinguished substituting ethnic groups with neither biogenetic nor cultural and linguistic continuity between them. That point was artificially implanted by the political reasons as a scientific pseudo-justification of the en-masse deportation of some Indigenous Peoples of Crimea and Northern Caucasus realized by the Soviet Power in 1940s. However, the attentive studying of the historical process in Crimea during the thousands of the years, inevitably leads to the conclusions that there were not series of total genocides among ethnic groups populating the territory of the Crimea in different times. Despite of military clashes, invasions, periodical conquests, the very natural and geographical conditions of the peninsula predetermined the inevitable involvement of different ethnic groups in economic, cultural, political, and biogenetic, and eventually even kinship relations. This was main way how a new stage of Crimean culture and inhabitants was being formed during centuries. This was the fundamental tendency of the genesis of the traditional Crimean culture and indigenous peoples of the Crimea, mainly formed by the end of the 18th century. The mechanism of the impact of these factors and the resulting matrix of interaction between the “local” and “newcomer” ethnic groups in the Crimea is analyzed in this article.