The article presents the results of research conducted in different soil and climatic conditions of the Middle Volga region on the influence of regulated factors, as well as environmental factors on the production process of plants of various types of spring wheat. The amount of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) is enough to obtain yields within 12–13 tons of dry biomass or 6–7 tons of grain. Natural precipitation is able to provide 3.82–4.36 t of spring wheat grain from 1 ha, and 4.5–6.3 t/ha by the total influence of solar energy, heat and moisture supply. Natural level of soil fertility without application of organic and mineral fertilizers allows to receive about 2 tons of spring wheat grain from 1 ha. Application of nitrogen in the form of ammoniac water (N-20.5 %) increased the yield in comparison with the use of nitrogen in the form of ammoniac saltpeter: the increase was 0.14 t per 1 ha. In the conditions of grey forest soil in the Predkamye region of the Republic of Tatarstan the optimal norm of sowing of spring wheat Triticum dicoccum Schuebl (spelt) depending on the feeding background was established. Growth of yield at sowing of 6 million seeds per hectare at all levels of nutrition in comparison with sowing rate of 4 million tons per hectare was 0.18 tons per hectare against the natural background, against the estimated background of NRC on 2.0 tons of grain – 0.19 tons and 2.5 tons of grain – 0.24 tons per hectare. The maximum yield increase was received at a combination of a mineral foodstuff with an optimum norm of sowing and has made on a settlement background 2 tons of grain from hectare – 0.20 tons, on 2.5 tons of grain – 0.34 tons from hectare. Thus, the aim of our research was to develop methods of growing high yielding quality grain of different types of wheat adapted to the conditions of forest-steppe in the Volga region.

The formation of the yield by crops is influenced by many factors and the state of the plant itself. The purpose of the study is to determine the efficacy of the preparation Zircon in combination with mineral fertilizers and seed protectant for the formation of spring wheat yield. The research is conducted at the experimental field of the Kazan State Agrarian University in years 2016-2018, with Yoldyz, a regional variety of spring wheat. Seed treatment with growth regulator Zircon increases yield on the background without fertilizers amounts to 0.14 t/ha and 0.21 t/ha without fertilizers and with fertilizers, respectively. Seed treatment with growth regulator Zircon and protectant Dospekh 3 provides the yield increase of 0.18 t/ha without fertilizer additions. When fertilizers are added yield increases by 0.29 t/ha and 0.35 t/ha, for N61P55K55 and N120P126K97, respectively. In this case, return of fertilizers of the grain per 1 kg D. V. makes fertilizers N61P55K55 increase to 7.89 kg, while N120P126K97 amount to 5.57 kg.

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The paper presents the results of studies on the creation of an optimal nutritional regime with an analysis of weediness of crops with increased pre-sowing treatment of seeds of growth processes and the resistance of the plants themselves under stressful conditions to form a spring wheat crop. In the initial period of spring wheat vegetation, when plants are affected by sharp temperature fluctuations, soil and atmospheric droughts, it is important to stimulate their stable development and resistance to stress. When satisfying the needs of crops for nutrients, it is important to prevent weeding of crops. The purpose of our study is to study the complex effect of mineral fertilizers, the use of a herbicide and presowing seed treatment with a growth regulator on spring wheat productivity. The studies were conducted in 2016-2018 on the basis of Kazan State Agrarian University on gray forest soil. An analysis of the development of plants on weed grown variants revealed a decrease in the safety of seedlings for harvesting, decreased yield by 0.15-0.28 t/ha and reduced grain quality. The average yield of spring wheat over the years of research when using the herbicide against the background without fertilizers was 1.53 t/ha, 2.66 t/ha against the background of NPK to obtain 3 t/ha of grain and 3.22 t/ha against the background of NPK to obtain 4 t/ha of grain. Combined seed treatment with the growth regulator Zircon and dressing agents contributed to an increase in yield in all nutritional backgrounds by another 3.2–4.4% and an increase in the grain nature and gluten content in fertilized nutritional backgrounds.

The results of two–year (2018–2019) studies on the effect of various seeding rates and nutritional backgrounds on the yield and grain quality of two types of spring wheat – soft wheat and emmer wheat (spelt) – are considered. The agrochemical characteristic of the gray forest soil of the experimental plot is as follows: the humus content in the layer of 0–20 cm was 2.9–3.4 % (Tyurin method), mobile phosphorus amount was 176–241 mg, exchange potassium amount was 77–109 mg/kg of soil (Kirsanov method). The degree of saturation with bases was 85.2–87.7 %, the pH of the salt extract was 5.6–5.8. Agrometeorological conditions of 2018–2019, on the whole, met the requirements for early spring crop seeding, HTC (hydrothermal coefficient) was 0.85–1.2. Two levels of mineral nutrition were studied in the experiment (natural background, without fertilizing, NRK for the planned grain yield of 3 t/ha), four seeding rates against each nutrition background: 4, 5, 6 and 7 million germinating seeds per 1 ha. The seedling completeness in both types of wheat over an average of 2 years depended on the seeding rate, regardless of the background of nutrition. In soft wheat of Ulyanovskaya 105 variety, against a natural background, with an increase in the sowing rate from 4 to 7 million germinating seeds per ha, the seedling completeness decreased and amounted to from 82.5 to 76.3 %, in spelt, it was 84.7–78.6 %. On a fertilized ground it was, respectively, 83.4–78.0 and 84.1–77.6 %. Good preservation of plants in both types of wheat from the number of sown seeds and seedlings was noted when the sowing rate was reduced from 7 to 4 million: without fertilizer 82.6–88.5 % in common wheat and 83.5–90.4 % of spelt. On a fertilized ground it amounted, respectively, to 84.3–90.5 and 86.5–92.3 %. Changes in nutritional background by introducing calculated doses of mineral fertilizers for all options with seeding rates on average for 2018–2019 yielded an increase in soft wheat by 0.94 tons of grain per hectare and by 0.61 tons of spelt. The highest conversion efficiency of fertilizers at a sowing rate of 6 million in common wheat was 8.1 kg of grain per 1 kg of a.a., for spelt at a sowing rate of 4 million the figure was 5.6 kg per 1 kg of a.a.