Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most conspicuous chronic neurodegenerative syndrome, which has become a significant challenge for the global healthcare system. Multiple studies have corroborated a clear association of neurotoxicants with AD pathogenicity, such as Amyloid beta (Aβ) proteins and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), signalling pathway modifications, cellular stress, cognitive dysfunctions, neuronal apoptosis, neuroinflammation, epigenetic modification, and so on. This review, therefore, aimed to address several essential mechanisms and signalling cascades, including Wnt (wingless and int.) signalling pathway, autophagy, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), protein kinase C (PKC) signalling cascades, cellular redox status, energy metabolism, glutamatergic neurotransmissions, immune cell stimulations (e.g. microglia, astrocytes) as well as an amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin-1 (PSEN1), presenilin-2 (PSEN2) and other AD-related gene expressions that have been pretentious and modulated by the various neurotoxicants. This review concluded that neurotoxicants play a momentous role in developing AD through modulating various signalling cascades. Nevertheless, comprehension of this risk agent-induced neurotoxicity is far too little. More in-depth epidemiological and systematic investigations are needed to understand the potential mechanisms better to address these neurotoxicants and improve approaches to their risk exposure that aid in AD pathogenesis. Key messages Inevitable cascade mechanisms of how Alzheimer’s Disease-related (AD-related) gene expressions are modulated by neurotoxicants have been discussed. Involvement of the neurotoxicants-induced pathways caused an extended risk of AD is explicited. Integration of cell culture, animals and population-based analysis on the clinical severity of AD is addressed.

Mandible is the second most commonly fractured bone after nasal bone, though it is the largest and strongest facial bone. Fractures of the mandible can involve only one site or can often involve multiple anatomic sites. It account for 36% to 59% of all maxillofacial fracture. The large variability in reported prevalence is due to a variety of contributing factors such as gender, age, environment, and socio-economic status of patient, as well as the mechanism of the injury. The most favorable site of fracture (in descending order) in mandible is the body, angle, condylar region, symphysis, and coronoid process. The descriptive type of cross sectional retrospective study was undertaken to determine the epidemiological & clinical profile of patients presented with fractures of mandible and their different methods of treatment modalities. Four hundred and thirty five patients with mandible fractures were treated during the year 2014-2015. A review of patient’s record was conducted. Data regarding age, gender, cause of fracture, anatomic site and treatment modalities were reviewed. There was higher prevalence in male (3.9:1), with occurrence peak between 21-30 years. The principal causes of fracture in this study were RTA (Road Traffic Accidents) representing 54.02% followed by physical assault 17.24%, Fall, Sports injury, Blow by heavy objects, Tube well injury & others which includes Tire blast injury, Gunshot injury, Iatrogenic cause, Pathological fracture, Boat handle injury, Penetrating injury by metal etc. The most injured sites were in parasymphysis (26.31%) followed by angle of mandible 17.89% then symphysis, condyle, body of mandible, dentoalveolar, ramus, coronoid process of mandible. Most patients (70.11%) of mandible fractures were treated by closed reduction (arch bar, arch bars with intermaxillary fixation IMF, eyelet wiring & lateral compression plate) & 21.83% of patients were treated with open reduction (miniplates fixation. 3D plate fixation) .Only 8.05% patients were managed by conservative approach. This study reflects patterns of mandible fracture within the community and discuss various methods of mandible fracture management in the department of Maxillofacial casualty in Dhaka Dental college hospital. It is hoped that information presented here will be useful to the government agencies and health care professionals involved in planning future programs of prevention & treatment of mandible fracture.J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2018; 36(3): 107-111

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Microbiological investigation has been undertaken for freshly prepared and commercially packed fruit juices of Chittagong city, Bangladesh. Physicochemical analysis as pH, sugar content, total soluble solid (TSS), total dissolved solid (TDS), acidity, moisture content and microbiological parameters i.e. total viable count (TVC), total coliform count (TCC), fecal coliform count (FCC), total staphylococcal count (TSC), Vibrio spp., Salmonella spp., Shigella spp. were examined for all samples. No microorganisms were found positive in packed fruit juice samples, whereas the range of TVC, TCC, and TSC were found to be 2.0 × 103 - 1.0 × 105, 0.15 × 102 - 11 × 102 and 1.0 × 102 - 2.0 × 104 cfu/ml respectively, though there was no detectable FCC and Salmonella, Shigella for vended samples. Human pathogenic Vibrio cholerae, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus were identified by biochemical tests and further confirmed by 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Antibiotic sensitivity of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus were found against ciprofloxacin, imipenem, gentamicin, levofloxacin except amoxicillin; whereas Vibrio cholerae showed resistant to all above antibiotics. Hence, proper awareness and regular monitoring are required during vended fruit juice handling as antibiotic resistant pathogenic bacteria can easily spread through the contaminated fruit juices to the consumers. J. bio-sci. 27: 43-58, 2019

Lasia spinosa (L.) Thwaites is a medicinal plant of enormous traditional use with insu cient scienti c evidence. This research screened the antioxidative effect of L. spinosa extracts by measuring the total phenolic content, total avonoid content, DPPH free radical scavenging activity, ABTS scavenging activity, Iron chelating activity, and Ferric reducing power followed by an evaluation of in-vivo cardioprotective effect in doxorubicin-induced Wistar albino rats. Phytochemical characterization was made by Gas-Chromatography Mass Spectroscopic analysis. L. spinosa showed an excellent antioxidative effect while Methanol leaf extract (LSM) was found to be more potent than Ethyl acetate leaf extract (LSE) in scavenging the free radicals. Intraperitoneal injection of doxorubicin caused a signi cant (P < 0.001) increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK-MB), C-reactive protein(CRP), and Cardiac troponin I. Pretreatment with orally administrated (LSM100 and LSM200 mg/kg b.w) daily for 10 days showed a decrease in the cardiac markers, lipid pro les, especially triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), Low-density lipoprotein (LDL), an increase of High-density lipoprotein (HDL) compared to the disease control group. LSM200 was found to signi cantly (P < 0.05) decrease the levels of CK-MB and LDH. It also restored TC, TG, and LDL levels compared to the doxorubicin-induced cardiac control group. The protective role of LSM was further con rmed by histopathological examination. This study thus demonstrates that L. spinosa methanol extract could be approached as an alternative supplement for cardiotoxicity, especially in the chemical-induced toxicity of cardiac tissues.