Purpose. To assess the relationship between breast-feeding and the risk of life-threatening rotavirus diarrhea among Bangladeshi infants and children younger than 24 months of age. Design. Case-control study. Setting. A rural Bangladesh community. Participants. One hundred two cases with clinically severe rotavirus diarrhea detected in a treatment centerbased surveillance system during 1985 and 1986, and 2587 controls selected in three surveys of the same community during the same calendar interval. Outcomes. Cases and controls were compared for the frequency of antecedent breast-feeding patterns. Results. Compared with other feeding modes, exclusive breast-feeding of infants was associated with significant protection against severe rotavirus diarrhea (relative risk (RR) = 0.10; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.03,0.34). However, during the second year of life, the risk of this outcome was higher in breast-fed than in non-breast-fed children (RR = 2.85; 95% CI = 0.37,21.71), and no overall protection was associated with breast-feeding during the first 2 years of life (RR = 2.61; 95% CI = 0.62,11.02). Conclusions. Although exclusive breast-feeding appeared to protect infants against severe rotavirus diarrhea, breast-feeding per se conferred no overall protection during the first 2 years of life, suggesting that breast-feeding temporarily postponed rather than prevented this outcome. While not detracting from efforts to promote breast-feeding to alleviate the burden of diarrhea due to nonrotaviral enteropathogens, our findings cast doubt on whether such efforts will impact on the problem of severe rotavirus diarrhea.

In this cross-sectional community based study, first class children of six basic school children (three male schools and three female schools) of Elshagalwa village, north of Shendi town were subjected to determine their nutritional status by assessing total serum protein and serum albumin. The method s of our study included a questionnaire in order to determine the nutrition status of child; usually consumed foodstuff and socioeconomic status of child's family, and biochemical parameters such as total serum protein and serum albumin. The study showed that the mean ± SD of total serum protein and serum albumin of study sample were 6.4 ± 0.9 g/dl and 4.0 ± 0.6 g/dl respectively. The present study also revealed that most of pupils had normal nutrition status (87.2%) and 12.8% of children were suffering from malnutrition, 5.6% of them were with moderate malnutrition, 94.4% with mild malnutrition and there are no cases with severe malnutrition. The study suggested that the child sex (gender) showed no effect on children nutritional status, parents' education level particularly of mothers had a positive effect on nutritional status and family size had a negative effect on nutritional status.

Plasma levels of creatinine are related to the relative muscles mass, the rate of creatine turnover and the renal function. It has been accepted for years that the plasma level of creatinine is relatively un affected by the diet. However, some reports have indicated that the protein content of the diet may be indeed affect the plasma level of creatinine if it affects the individuals muscles mass. This a primary study that aims to detect rough estimation of serum creatinine in normal Sudanese athletes and soldiers. In addition to detect weather creatinine level is associated by gender, age, daily working hours or occupation of study population. Hundred (49 soldiers: 51 athletes) normal individuals from Khartoum state invited to take a role in this study (75 male: 25 female) their age was between 14-44 years. At P ≤ 0.05 this study showed no significant differences (P 0.772) in creatinine concentration with mean ± SD (1.07 ± 0.11, 1.12 ± 0.17 mg/dl) for soldiers and athletes respectively. There was no signifigant difference in creatinine concentration either between both sexes male: female (1.1 ± 0.16: 1.1 ± 0.12), or between different occupations soldiers: athletes (1.07 ± 0.11: 1.12 ± 0.17). But there was significant difference (Chi 0.027) in creatinine concentration (0.5, 1.0, 1.5) for (14-24, 25-34, 35-44) age groups respectively. Serum creatinine was not associated with daily working hours (ANOVA 0.18) with creatinine values (1.16, 1.01, 1.12, 1.13, 0.8) for weekly working hours (≤ 20, 21-40, 41-60, 61 -80, 81-100). Serum creatinine is not much different depending on the gender, individual occupation or daily working hours, weather they were soldiers or athletes, but it is influenced by age progress. Sudanese soldiers and Athletes creatinine level fell within the normal international range. Research with large data collection is recommended for establishment and localization normal range of biochemical parameters for sport medicine in Sudan.

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