The current study focused on investigating the influence of management ability on the investment opportunity and firm performance. The managerial ability has a strategic impact on firm performance and value. Secondary data was employed. The study takes 369 non-financial firms as a population of the study and 196 firms as sample size selected randomly. The data was collected from 2008 to 2017. The managerial ability, cash holdings and dividend payout have a significant effect on the firm performance (ROA). Corporate governance has significant effects on the independent variables and ROA. The findings suggested that managerial ability, cash holdings and dividend payout have significant effects on firm investment opportunities (total Q). Corporate governance has positive and significant effects among independent variables and total Q (TTQ). It has been recommended that managers with superior abilities correlate themselves with a better investment opportunity.

This research contributes to building a comprehensive understanding on how customer evaluations regarding different facets of service fairness affect bank-consumer relationship building process and lead customers to perform various citizenship behaviors by examining empirically this relationship at multi-group level. Although banking service is known to encounter numerous service failure episodes there has been scant investigations in commercial banking sector of Pakistan that have addressed the connection among service fairness, relationship marketing and customer engagement. Data was gathered quantitively with the help of questionnaire distributed using stratified random sampling technique. Data was gathered from 1430 consumers of banking services located within scheduled bank branches in a single cross-section. The model was assessed using partial least square based Structured Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), using Smart PLS 3.2.7 statistical software. The results of this research confirmed that banking consumers commonly evaluate fairness in exchange relationships when dealing with service providers. The results show that service fairness evaluations had direct influence on customer citizenship behavior, however this relationship is better explained by a firm's relationship marketing efforts. Keywords: Service fairness, relationship marketing, customer citizenship behaviors, multigroup analysis, banking sector.

The stud aims at investigating brand equity along with its relevant determinants specifically thestudents' preferences as proposed in earlier literature then institutes of higher studies will be not onlyattract a mass number of students' but be able to serve the society in a far better manner. In addition,the objective of this study is also to examine the causal chain of a relationship among the antecedentsof brand equity like students preferences, brand meaning, students' satisfaction, trust, andcommitment with the mediating role of attachment strength in the higher education sector ofPakistan. A survey questionnaire was used for the collection of data from graduate level students ofPakistani Universities from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Azad Jammu & Kashmir (AJK) and GilgitBaltistan. A sample of 255 students was analyzed using SmartPLS3.2.7. The findings of the studyrevealed that there exists a causal chain of a relationship among the constructs of the conceptualmodel. Furthermore, attachment strength fully mediates between brand meaning and therelationship factors like Students' satisfaction, and trust while partially mediates amid brand imageon student commitment. This paper is an effort to provide ample guidelines to the policymakers inthe higher education sector. Keywords: Brand Meaning, Relationship Factors, Attachment Strength, Higher Education

This research takes in view the motives that drive opportunistic managers in the Pakistani corporate world to manipulate firm earnings in different financial circumstances by resorting to real (REM) and accrual (AEM) earning management to reap their self-interests. The present study undertakes 188 distressed and 37 non-distressed firms for the sample period of 2010-2017. The summary stats confirm that both in distressed and non-distressed firms’ managers resort to REM practices more than AEM. The factors that urge mangers to take REM practices in distressed firms i.e., debt covenant restriction, managerial ownership and tax avoidance needs to be amended in such a way that it demotivates managers for carrying such practices in distressed firms. The factors that influence AEM practices in distressed firms are debt covenant restrictions, institutional ownership, highly valued firms and managerial ownership whereas in non-distressed firm these factors are debt covenant and effective tax rate. In non-distressed firms motives that urge mangers to adopt REM, practices are raising additional capital and tax avoidance practices.