No abstract

There are surplus applications in modern smart cities where localization of indoor environments is critical ranging from surveillance and trailing in smart structures to the localized wireless distribution of advertising content in shopping malls. These applications are only successful if a robust and cost-effective real-time system is developed for precise localization. Another aspect considered for indoor localization is power consumption. Recent wireless standards such as Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) and LoRa consume less power which makes them a perfect candidate for indoor localization. This work aims to carry out an experimental evaluation which would help to decide which wireless standard i.e., Wi-Fi, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), and LoRa are most suitable for indoor localization. Experiments are carried out using trilateration in three multiple environments. RSSI is used to calculate the coordinates of a sensor node. Results obtained from the experiment show that Wi-Fi is most accurate with an average error of 0.54 m. LoRa is second most accurate with an average error of 0.62 m and BLE is the least accurate with an average error of 0.82 m. These results can be used to decide which wireless standard is best suited for indoor localization.

This research paper provides a comprehensive overview of the challenges and potential solutions related to enabling haptic communication over the Tactile Internet in the context of 6G networks. The increasing demand for multimedia services and device proliferation has resulted in limited radio resources, posing challenges in their efficient allocation for Device-to-Device (D2D)-assisted haptic communications. Achieving ultra-low latency, security, and energy efficiency are crucial requirements for enabling haptic communication over TI. The paper explores various methodologies, technologies, and frameworks that can facilitate haptic communication, including backscatter communications (BsC), non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), and software-defined networks. Additionally, it discusses the potential of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), network slicing, and wireless communication beyond 100 GHz and THz levels in improving haptic communication performance. The research emphasizes the importance of addressing security risks, optimizing resource allocation, and minimizing network congestion to unlock the potential of future networks and services. Aerial, ground, and underwater communication technologies are highlighted as key components of 6G networks, each with their advantages and challenges. The need for specialized equipment in remote areas to meet the bandwidth and latency requirements of haptic communication is underscored. The findings of this research contribute to a deeper understanding of haptic communication in the context of 6G networks and provide insights into potential solutions for overcoming the associated challenges.

Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) in the Internet of Things (IoT) domain has been the subject of interest for researchers. There is an increasing demand to localize these IoT devices using LoRaWAN due to the quickly growing number of IoT devices. LoRaWAN is well suited to support localization applications in IoTs due to its low power consumption and long range. Multiple approaches have been proposed to solve the localization problem using LoRaWAN. The Expected Signal Power (ESP) based trilateration algorithm has the significant potential for localization because ESP can identify the signal's energy below the noise floor with no additional hardware requirements and ease of implementation. This research article offers the technical evaluation of the trilateration technique, its efficiency, and its limitations for the localization using LoRa ESP in a large outdoor populated campus environment. Additionally, experimental evaluations are conducted to determine the effects of frequency hopping, outlier removal, and increasing the number of gateways on localization accuracy. Results obtained from the experiment show the importance of calculating the path loss exponent for every frequency to circumvent the high localization error because of the frequency hopping, thus improving the localization performance without the need of using only a single frequency.