A new strategy for the detection of infectiousCryptosporidium parvum oocysts in water samples, which combines immunomagnetic separation (IMS) for recovery of oocysts with in vitro cell culturing and PCR (CC-PCR), was field tested with a total of 122 raw source water samples and 121 filter backwash water grab samples obtained from 25 sites in the United States. In addition, samples were processed by Percoll-sucrose flotation and oocysts were detected by an immunofluorescence assay (IFA) as a baseline method. Samples of different water quality were seeded with viable C. parvum to evaluate oocyst recovery efficiencies and the performance of the CC-PCR protocol. Mean method oocyst recoveries, including concentration of seeded 10-liter samples, from raw water were 26.1% for IMS and 16.6% for flotation, while recoveries from seeded filter backwash water were 9.1 and 5.8%, respectively. There was full agreement between IFA oocyst counts of IMS-purified seeded samples and CC-PCR results. In natural samples, CC-PCR detected infectious C. parvum in 4.9% (6) of the raw water samples and 7.4% (9) of the filter backwash water samples, while IFA detected oocysts in 13.1% (16) of the raw water samples and 5.8% (7) of the filter backwash water samples. All CC-PCR products were confirmed by cloning and DNA sequence analysis and were greater than 98% homologous to the C. parvum KSU-1hsp70 gene product. DNA sequence analysis also revealed reproducible nucleotide substitutions among the hsp70fragments, suggesting that several different strains of infectiousC. parvum were detected.

No abstract

Background Prostate cancer is the most prevalent cancer in men. However, leptomeningeal involvement by prostate carcinoma is a rare event. Case Here, we report a 69‐year‐old patient with castration‐resistant metastatic prostate cancer who presented with headache and ataxia. Brain MRI revealed a huge invasive interaxial mass at right occipital lobe with diffuse thickening and enhancement of meninges, the arachnoid, and the pia mater, and he was diagnosed with leptomeningeal carcinomatosis. The patient received whole brain radiotherapy. Conclusion Despite the fact that brain and leptomeningeal metastases are not very common in patients with prostate cancer, signs and symptoms of nervous system disorders should be assessed carefully, and consideration of such unusual metastases must be considered.

A rapid and simple liquid chromatography-UV spectrometric assay was developed for the quantitative determination of sorafenib in the presence of cationic and anionic PAMAM dendrimers. PAMAM dendrimer:sorafenib (SFB) admixture was prepared by Higuchi rotating bottle method for different generations (G4, G4.5, G5). Separation was achieved on a C18 column (Knauer Eurospher 150 mm  4.6 mm with precolumn) at room temperature using an isocratic elution method with acetonitrile=K-phosphate buffer 25 mM pH 7.4: 55=45 (v=v) at a flow rate of 1.5 ml=min. The SFB peak was separated well from PAMAM dendrimers peak. Calibration curves were linear in the concentration range of 0.097-100 mcg=mL with R 2 > 0.9988. The accuracy [Bias (%)] and precision [RSD (%)] values, calculated from three different sets of quality control samples analyzed in triplicate on four different days, ranged from À3.6-16 and 2.1-14.5, respectively. The limit of quantitation was 97 ng=mL.

No abstract