Background:Chronic renal failure is among the chronic disease which due to persistence of the disease and long treatment process has various effects on the physiological, psychological, functional ability, lifestyle changes, and independence status of the patient and his family. This may result in the burden feeling in caregivers. According to the importance of the subject, this study is to assess the level of caregiver burden in caregivers of hemodialysis patients.Methods:This is a cross-sectional analytical descriptive study that was conducted in 2014 on the caregivers of hemodialysis patients. Research instruments were consisted of two parts: demographic data check list and caregiver burden questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS statistical software and Pearson correlation coefficient tests. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results:In this study, 72.5% of caregivers reported moderate to severe levels of caregiver burden. A significant relationship was observed between gender of the patient with caregiver burden score of (p=0.031) and type of the income with caregiver burden score of (p=0.000). Caregivers of male patients and patients with inadequate income had a higher caregiver burden score.Conclusions:Our results showed that more than half of the caregivers of hemodialysis patients had moderate to severe levels of caregiver burden, therefore it is worthy that health officials and nurses pay special attention to this issue by communicating with these patients and their caregivers.

From a clinical and epidemiological perspective, it is important to know which genotypes and antibiotic resistance patterns are present in H. pylori strains isolated from salads and vegetables. Therefore, the present investigation was carried out to find this purpose. Three hundred eighty washed and unwashed vegetable samples and fifty commercial and traditional salad samples were collected from Isfahan, Iran. Samples were cultured and those found positive for H. pylori were analyzed using PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using disk diffusion method. Seven out of 50 (14%) salad and 52 out of 380 (13.68%) vegetable samples harbored H. pylori. In addition, leek, lettuce, and cabbage were the most commonly contaminated samples (30%). The most prevalent virulence genes were oipA (86.44%) and cagA (57.625). VacA s1a (37.28%) and iceA1 (47.45%) were the most prevalent genotypes. Forty different genotypic combinations were recognized. S1a/cagA+/iceA1/oipA+ (33.89%), s1a/cagA+/iceA2/oipA (30.50%), and m1a/cagA+/iceA1/oipA+ (28.81%) were the most prevalent combined genotypes. Bacterial strains had the highest levels of resistance against metronidazole (77.96%), amoxicillin (67.79%), and ampicillin (61.01%). High similarity in the genotyping pattern of H. pylori among vegetable and salad samples and human specimens suggests that vegetable and salads may be the sources of the bacteria.

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Background: In our knowledge, there was no available information on social support and caregiver's burden among parents of thalassemic children. Aim:To examine caregiver's burden and social support in mothers of thalassemic children, this study was conducted. Methods:This cross-sectional study was conducted from July to October 2013 in Jiroft Thalassemic Center (JTC) in southeast of Iran. To assess the caregiver's burden and social support, caregiver burden scale and Norbeck social support questionnaire was used respectively. Results:There was a response rate of 98% (160 out of 163 mothers were participated). Generally, 51.5% and 49.5% of mothers reported low and high level of social support, respectively. In term of caregiver's burden, 20%, 29% and 51% of mothers reported high, moderate and low level of burden, respectively. There was no significant correlation between mean score of caregiver's burden and mean score of social support. Conclusion:Our study showed that social support of Iranian mothers with thalassemic children is low. In addition, caregiver's burden among this group of mothers is high. Further research is recommended to prepare more evidence in this regard.

Background: Pain is one of the most common symptoms experienced by patients after surgeries. Inadequate postoperative pain management is an international problem and the need to improve its management is well documented. The aim of the study was to assess nursing reports related to the patients' pain intensity and quality, concomitant symptoms, use of scales in pain assessment, and compliance with the national guideline after surgery. Methods: This study was a retrospective cohort; samples were nurse records of patients who had elective surgery. Result: Only 6% of the patients' pain records included pain intensity which was not measured with standard scales. More than half of all injections were opioid analgesic which is in contrast to the guidelines of the Iranian Ministry of Health. Pain assessment was higher in women and by nurses with more than 15 years of working experience. Conclusion: to conclude, the patients' pain was not assessed properly in terms of intensity, quality, and associated symptoms. Therefore, training and motivating nurses is very important in this context and should be incorporated in nurses' academic and continuous educational courses.