Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive dysfunction and selective neuronal death in the brain. The aetiology of AD is not clear but environmental factors and heritable predisposition may play a role in the disease emergence. It has also been suggested that neural–immune interaction has a role in disease appearance. However, the underlying mechanisms are still unknown. Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in the host defence, which is related to their ability to secrete a variety of cytokines and chemokines, as well as killing infected host cells. Moreover, there is some evidence that imply the involvement of NK cells in immunopathogenesis of AD. In this review, we have attempted to clarify the role of NK cells in the immunopathogenesis of AD.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a long-term disease that leads to inflammation of the joints and surrounding tissues. Natural killer (NK) cells are an important part of the innate immune system and are responsible for the first line of defense against pathogens during the initial immune challenge before the adaptive immune system eventually eliminates the infectious burden. NK cells have the capacity to damage normal cells or through interaction with other cells such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and T cells cause autoimmune diseases, such as RA. NK cells isolated from the joints of patients with RA suggest that they may play a role in this disease. However, the involvement of NK cells in RA pathology is not fully elucidated. Both protective and detrimental roles of NK cells in RA have recently been reported. A better understanding of NK cells' role in RA might help to develop new therapeutic strategies for treatment of the RA or other autoimmune diseases. We have decided in this paper to focus on the NK cell biology, and attempt to bring the interested readership of this Journal up to date on the NK cell, specifically its possible relation to RA.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by beta-amyloid plaques accumulation and cognitive impairment. Both environmental factors and heritable predisposition have a role in AD. Histamine is a biogenic monoamine that plays a role in several physiological functions, including induction of inflammatory reactions, wound healing, and regeneration. The Histamine mediates its functions via its 4 G-protein-coupled Histamine H1 receptor (H1R) to histamine H1 receptor (H4R). The histaminergic system has a role in the treatment of brain disorders by the development of histamine receptor agonists, antagonists. The H1R and H4R are responsible for allergic inflammation. But recent studies show that histamine antagonists against H3R and regulation of H2R can be more efficient in AD therapy. In this review, we focus on the role of histamine and its receptors in the treatment of AD, and we hope that histamine could be an effective therapeutic factor in the treatment of AD.

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Aims: Dual-Character antibodies can simultaneously target two surface markers. Blinatumomab is a C19 / CD3 antibody from the BiTE family (Bispecific T cell engager antibody) and was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for clinical use. This antibody effectively targets malignant cells in patients with acute infoblastic leukemia. In the production of large quantities of such antibodies on an industrial scale, selecting the appropriate host remains a critical issue. Mammalian cells and strains of E.coli are the most common hosts for producing antibodies and antibody components on an industrial scale, respectively. Methods & Materials: In this study, a dual-specific antibody was used in the mammalian system of plasmid pcDNA3.1 (+) and for expression in the bacterial system of plasmid pET22b. The antibody produced in both systems was purified using nickel affinity resin under similar conditions. Next, SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis was performed on both study samples. Finally, the binding properties of the antibody secreted from both systems were assessed by the ELISA test. Findings: The present study results suggested that antibodies produced by the mammalian expression system provided better binding properties than the expression system in bacteria. Conclusion: This study indicated that in the case of antibodies to two traits of the BiTE family, like Blinatombe, mammalian cells generate a more efficient and successful expression system; although the bacterium can produce much larger amounts of the antibody.