ObjectiveDysmenorrhea is one of the most common problems for women, especially during their reproductive age. Various studies have examined the effects of vitamins D and E and ginger supplements. This study aimed to investigate the individual effects of each of these supplements on dysmenorrhea.MethodsThis single-blind clinical trial was conducted in 2016 on students aged 18 to 25 years who complained of mild to severe dysmenorrhea. The participants were randomly assigned into 4 groups: vitamin D, vitamin E, ginger, and placebo. The effects of the supplements on the severity of dysmenorrhea were evaluated in 2 successive cycles using the visual analog scale (VAS) and a questionnaire.ResultsInitially, 240 female students were enrolled in the study; thereafter, 40 students were excluded from the study owing to follow-up loss. The average VAS score for dysmenorrhea in the entire study population was 7.13±0.80 before the intervention; the mean VAS score after the first and second months of supplement use was 5.37±1.51 and 4.93±1.48, respectively. The highest reduction in pain severity was observed in the ginger group (F=74.54, P<0.001).ConclusionVitamin D, vitamin E, and ginger significantly reduced the severity of dysmenorrhea, with ginger having the most significant effect followed by vitamin D and vitamin E. Given the low risk of these supplements, more studies must be conducted on their use as opposed to analgesics.

Moderate-dose bifrontal ECT revealed fewer cognitive side effects in comparison with bitemporal and right unilateral. Moderate-dose bifrontal ECT had the same efficacy compared with low-dose bitemporal and high-dose right unilateral in the treatment of depression.

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Moderate-dose BF ECT was as effective as BT ECT but was associated with fewer cognitive side effects in the treatment of patients with severe mania.

Background: Maternal request for caesarean section due to fear of normal vaginal delivery is one of the main reasons for the high rate of caesarean section. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of the presence of spouse in preparation class of delivery on fear of parturition in the nulliparous women. Methods: This controlled randomized trial was conducted in 152 pregnant women nulliparous referred to delivery preparation class in Qazvin. We received informed consent from participants. The samples were randomly assigned to intervention (n=76) and control groups (n=76). Eight sessions of the childbirth preparation classes were held for the intervention and control groups with or without the spouse respectively. Data collection tools were demographic characteristics and childbirth attitude questionnaire. Statistical testes such as T-test, and repeated measure were used for analysis. Findings: The mean age of the mothers participating in the study was 25.85±4.42 years. The decrease in mean of fear scores in the intervention group was significantly higher than the control group (28.58±6.47 and 32.82±5.79, respectively) (P<0.001). A significant difference was also observed between two groups in the rate of selection of normal vaginal delivery (P<0.001). Conclusion:The results of the study showed that the presence of a spouse in preparation class of delivery reduces the amount of childbirth fear and is suggested as one of the methods of implementing pregnant women's education program.