Aluminium dross, a waste material produced by dissolution of aluminum scrap, was characterized physically and chemically by various analysis techniques for a potential to be used as catalyst. Using catalyst from waste materials reduced the cost for synthesizing of new catalyst. An efficient catalyst derived from industrial solid waste was modified by acid washing for using in a pyrolysis of waste cooking oil. The modification of aluminum dross resulted in increased surface area (from 0.96 to 68.24 m 2 /g), acidity (from 315 to 748 µmol/g) and thermal stability. Pyrolysis waste cooking oil was used to test the performance of aluminum dross as catalyst before and after modification. The product analysis showed a better result than the unmodified material based on increased yield of bio-oil and improved selectivity.

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The research aims to use eggshells (ES) as civilian residues in the process of removing cadmium ions and reactive red dye according to international standards limits. Synthetic solutions were prepared for cadmium ions and reactive red dye using 0.2 g non-calcined and calcined ES at various temperatures (25, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 ℃) as an adsorbent.  The result showed the removal of cadmium ion was (60, 100%) for non-calcined and calcined ES, respectively, with the initial concentration of cd2+ (10 ppm). The removal of reactive red dye was (18.5, 98%) using non-calcined and calcined ES, respectively, at a concentration of red dye (50 ppm). The best removal time was 90 min.  XRD and FTIR spectroscopy were performed and the results were identical to the main components of ES and changed with temperature increasing due to dissolution of calcium carbonate (CaCO3).

Nanofiltration (NF) and zeta potential are being increasingly used in water, wastewater, and pharmaceutical applications. In this study, the zeta potential behaviors of eight different 0.01 M salts (NaCl, KCl, NaHCO 3 , MgCl 2 , CaCl 2 , Na 2 CO 3 , Na 2 SO 4, and MgSO 4) for 0.9 nm tubular ceramic titanium dioxide NF membrane were measured for the first time using a filtration potential technique by conducting in-situ two electrodes made from a composite material that consisted of pure silver and 4% gauge 21 gold. The measurements were conducted under pH 3-9 at an applied transmembrane pressure (TMP) of 0.25-1.5 bar. Experimental results showed that the membranes of the salts were negatively charged at neutral pH and had an isoelectric point (IEP) of pH 3.4−3.8. Membrane zeta potential results were compared and justified using the electrophoresis method for the same membrane. The powder dispersions of the pulverized membrane in this measuring technique were a suspension at a certain salt concentration. Experimental results from the electrophoresis method agreed with those of the filtration potential method, whose IEP was at pH 3.3−3.5. The rejection experiments of the reference solutions (0.1 and 0.01 M NaCl) were conducted at a constant applied TMP of 12 bar. Rejections results showed that both NaCl concentrations were a function of pH. The low rejections were 17% and 21% at pH 3.8 for 0.01 and 0.001 M NaCl, respectively, and the high rejections were 34.2% and 38% at pH 9. This work also investigated the effects of the measured membrane zeta potential on the ion rejection of the standard solution of NaCl (0.01 and 0.001 M) using a similar pH range.

The industry produces a large amount of solid waste that has very bad effects on the environment. The application of waste material adsorbents for waste materials treatment has become of greater interest. Heavy oil fly ash (HOFA) is hazardous industrial solid waste which produces from the combustion of heavy fuel oil in power plants. The work aims to investigate using waste material heavy oil fly ash (HOFA) after modification to activated carbon (AC) as an adsorbent of methylene blue (MB) in an aqueous solution. Chemical and physical analyses were conducted to characterize the HOFA produced as a by-product of an electrical power station. BET analysis showed the surface area was 1.6 m2/g and the surface area was enhanced by the activation process to 63.7 m2/g and the pore width to 553.5A. SEM showed a change in the nature of the surface of the martial by increasing the porosity. Adsorption studies were performed by batch experiments as a function of process parameters. The removal percentage increased with the increase of the adsorbent to 1.5g, the amount was selected as the optimum dosage. The removal percentage decreased with an increase the entail dye concentration and limited difference in pH variables. The experimental adsorption data was represented with Langmuir, Freundlich, and Tempkin isotherms. The data fitted well to the Freundlich model as multilayer adsorption.