In this study, functionally graded and ungraded Al-Si cylinder liners have been compared by the finite element analysis. At the beginning of the study, the most sold gasolinepowered automobiles in recent years have been investigated and the dimensions of the Al-Si cylinder liner have been determined. Al-Si alloy based cylinder liners with a wall-thickness of 6 mm and inner diameter of 74 mm, an outer diameter of 86 mm and a length of 165 mm have been designed. The functionally graded cylinder liner has a twenty-layered structure, and the silicon content of each layer is distinct. Si contents on the inner and the outer surfaces of the functionally graded liner are 32 vol.% and 8.5 vol.%., respectively. The ungraded cylinder liner, on the other hand, has a homogeneous structure and the silicon content of 21 vol.%. The maximum Von Mises stresses reached as a result of thermal loads in the functionally graded and ungraded cylinder liners are determined to be 47.526 MPa and 95.951 MPa, respectively. It has been observed that maximum Von Mises stress decreases by approximately 50% thanks to the functional grading.

Marine environment is exposed to various pollutants such as heavy metals, pesticides, and antibiotics. Bacterial resistance to these pollutants is a global problem all over the world. In this study, Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and sea snail (Rapana venosa) were collected from 12 sampling points from Artvin, Rize, Trabzon, and Giresun Coasts of Black Sea, Turkey. A total of 54 Escherichia coli isolated from Mediterranean mussel and sea snail were tested for their ability to tolerate Cu, Cd, As, and Hg. For this purpose, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests for all isolates to the Cu, Cd, As, and Hg were done to determine tolerance or resistance using the broth dilution technique. MIC concentration for Cu, Cd, As, and Hg ranged between 100-400 μg/ml, 100-200 μg/ml, 25-400 μg/ml, and 3.125-25 μg/ml, respectively. All of the strains were determined as resistant to Cu, but sensitive to As. Resistance to Hg was determined as 7.4 %. The most common resistance gene in the bacteria was nccA and followed by chrB and merA. Tolerance or resistance of the bacteria to toxic pollutants including heavy metal(oid)s is of significant ecological importance. These bacteria could be used for monitoring environmental heavy metal(oid) pollution.