Sexual debut is an essential aspect of the socialization process (Balandier, 1984;Courtois, 1998). It is a major component of social control, and the manner in which it occurs provides information about how each society constructs the social and gendered identities of its members, and reveals the different rules of behaviour imposed upon girls and boys (Bozon, 2008).Recent representative surveys indicate that in most societies, first sexual intercourse is occurring at an earlier age today, and is more dissociated from union formation (a more recent development for girls) than in previous cohorts (Bozon, 2002; Wellings et al., 2006). In some parts of the world, however, it is still hard to assess the extent of the phenomenon. In Arab countries in particular, it is regarded as unacceptable or even "immoral" even to ask men and women at what age they first had intercourse. Consequently, in the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and other studies conducted in these countries, only married women are asked about their sexual lives (Bozon, 2003), and there are no official figures for non-marital sexuality. (2) However, a number of recent quantitative and qualitative research projects (Bajos et al.
Introduction : Problématique majeure de santé publique de par le Monde, l’avortement provoqué est probablement le phénomène démographique et social le moins documenté au Maroc. La rareté des données, la sensibilité du sujet en raison de sa pénalisation par la loi (sauf exceptions) et de la stigmatisation sociale dont il fait l’objet, rendent l’avortement difficilement abordable. Cet article se propose de contribuer à la connaissance de l’ampleur de ce phénomène au Maroc, en confrontant des méthodes directe et indirecte. Méthode : Cette étude s’est basée sur les données issues de l’enquête nationale démographique à passages répétés de 2009-2010, les enquêtes nationales de planification familiale et de santé de 2003-2004, 2011 et de 2018, en plus des recensements généraux de la population et de l’habitat de 2004 et 2014. Son objectif était de mesurer le taux d’avortement en utilisant des approches indirectes, en l’occurrence le modèle de Bongaarts (1978) et la méthode de Westoff réduite et améliorée (2008), et une méthode directe fondée sur les déclarations des femmes elles-mêmes. Résultats : Le taux annuel d’avortement atteint respectivement, selon la méthode de Bongaarts et de Westoff améliorée, 11,6 ‰ contre 37,6 ‰ en 2004, 5,1 ‰ contre 38,7 ‰ en 2009 et 4,4 ‰ contre 39,9 ‰ en 2014. En 2009-2010, ce taux atteint 7,21 ‰ chez les femmes non-célibataires, 8,35 ‰ en milieu rural et 6,34 ‰ en milieu urbain, selon la méthode directe. Conclusion : Les estimations des taux annuel d’avortement devraient être reproduites ou complétées par d’autres approches afin de mieux cerner la réalité sur le niveau de ce phénomène au Maroc.
In Morocco, access to rights for women has strengthened over the decades. Their social status has significantly improved. This study aims to measure women’s empowerment, particularly in the domestic sphere and in relation to spouses, and its effect on women’s fertility preferences. Women’s empowerment is estimated following a similar approach to constructing the SWPER composite index, which is based on several dimensions such as education, decision-making, and attitude towards domestic violence as proposed in the literature. An empirical examination of empowerment’s impact on fertility preferences, measured by the ideal number of children, was conducted using a generalized Poisson regression model. The data are from two surveys, the 2003-2004 Population and Family Health Survey and the 2011 National Population and Family Health Survey. The results corroborate women’s empowerment in reducing the ideal number of children through independence from traditional social norms, increased bargaining power, and communication within the couple. Women’s access to educational resources appears to be a key factor, especially when it comes to fertility planning, as well as the rejection of male violence.
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