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-Introduction. In Morocco, citriculture faces up an increasing combination of biotic (Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) / Phytophthora spp.) and abiotic stresses (salinity, alkalinity and drought). Most of these constraints should be individually managed by adapted rootstock choice. However, the spread of CTV in the Mediterranean Basin will soon prohibit the use of the traditional sour orange rootstock, which currently provides sufficient tolerance to salinity and alkalinity. Therefore, the selection of new citrus rootstocks becomes urgent. Our study sought to investigate the effect of different water regimes on growth of ten citrus rootstocks: citrange Carrizo (France), citrange Carrizo (Morocco), citrange Troyer, citrange Yuma, Citrus volkameriana; two Poncirus trifoliata of different origins, citrumelo, Mand. Sunki × Poncirus trifoliata, and Poorman. Materials and methods. For each rootstock, three months old seedlings were grown in plastic pots (0.5 L) in a greenhouse at El Menzeh, INRA, Morocco; they were subjected to three water regimes [(100%, 75% and 50%) moisture field capacity (Hcc) of the substrate]. The experiment was arranged in a split-plot design with three treatments. The morphological parameters measured were the plant height and dry and fresh matter accumulation. Physiological parameters studied were the Relative Water Content, transpiration rates and chlorophyll, soluble sugars and proline contents. Results. The morphological and physiological parameters were affected by the intensity of water stress applied. However, rootstocks behaved differently regarding to this constraint. Water stress induced an increase in the proline and soluble sugars content in the rootstock leaves. Conclusion. Water stress significantly affects the physiological and morphological characteristics of citrus rootstocks and, in conditions of extreme water deficit (50% Hcc), a differential behavior of the rootstock was found. Based on our results, the rootstocks Carrizo citrange (Morocco) and Poorman present the best overall ability to withstand water stress.Morocco / Citrus / rootstocks / drought stress / drought resistance / proline / carbohydrate content Évaluation de la résistance de dix porte-greffes d'agrumes résistants à la tristeza vis-à-vis du déficit hydrique.Résumé -Introduction. Au Maroc, les agrumes sont confrontés à une combinaison de stress biotiques [virus de la tristeza (CTV) / Phytophthora] et abiotiques (salinité, alcalinité et sécheresse). La plupart de ces contraintes doivent être gérées individuellement par le choix d'un porte-greffe adapté. Cependant, la propagation de la CTV dans le bassin méditerranéen va bientôt interdire l'utilisation du bigaradier, porte-greffe traditionnel, qui offre actuellement une tolérance suffisante à la salinité et l'alcalinité. Par conséquent, la sélection de nouveaux porte-greffes d'agrumes devient pressante. Notre étude a cherché à étudier l'effet de différents régimes hydriques sur la croissance de dix portegreffes d'agrumes : citrange Carrizo (France), citrange ...

The objective of the current study is to evaluate the effects of nitrogen rate N on tree growth, fruit yield and quality of clementine Nules variety, budded on Flhorag and Carrizo citrange rootstocks, grown on clay soils at the Experimental station of Sidi Allal Tazi, INRA Morocco, over five seasons. The experiment has been carried out in a split-plot design with three replications, including the nitrogen doses as the main plot and rootstock the subplot. Three fertilization treatments of the rates of N (g/tree) (T0: control (native nutrient), T1: 270, T2: 540 in g/tree) and 135 P2O5, 270 K2O g/tree have been applied to citrus trees in field conditions. The study found that nitrogen rate and rootstock genotype had significant effects on vegetative growth, yield, and fruit quality of Nules clementine. As N rate increased, vegetative growth improved significantly, with the trees grafted on Carrizo citrange and fertilized with T2 (540 N g/tree) showing the best results. A strong positive correlation was also observed between canopy volume and fruit yield for both rootstock genotypes. Carrizo citrange proved to be a more efficient rootstock for Nules variety than Flhorag, with higher yield and better fruit quality. As a conclusion, the recommended NPK rate for obtaining an optimal yield and good fruit quality of Nules clementine fruits was 540 N-135 P2O5-270 K2O g/tree/year under Sidi Allal Tazi–Gharb (Morocco) conditions.

Ahmad Sidqi Dajani was a thinker with a mastery of Arabic. He was a unique and an attractive representation that should be followed to defend classical Arabic. This research studies his literary work with a view to shaping his literary identity. His intellectual, political and historical writings do not acquire the status of literature. However, he produced a number of literary masterpieces that place him unequivocally among major literary figures. He wrote a nice play, and the book entitled "Extended Trips and Moments” which is a book that falls in the category of the literature on travel and tourism. Dajani’s book; "Letters to his son," can be compared to Ahmed Amin’s messages to his children. His autobiography entitled “The Meeting of the Veteran with the Young Man he once was,” is a book that talks about the arts and cinema, and encompasses reviews of films and novels as a literary critic. أحمد صدقي الدجاني مُفكِّر وأديب بليغ ذو بيان طَوَّع اللغةَ العربية، فكان نموذجاً جاذباً يٌقتضَى تعميمه للذودِ عن العربية الفصيحة. ينهض هذا البحث لدراسة أعمال الأستاذ الدجاني "الأدبية" المُتعددة التي تركها للمكتبة العربية، واستقرائها بغية رسم ملامح هويته "كأديب". فكتابات الدجاني الفكرية والسياسية والتاريخية، وإن كانت تُصاغ بأسلوبٍ رفيع ولُغةٍ بليغة، إلا أن هذا لا يُعطيها صفة الأدب، غير أنه أبدع إنتاجات أدبية صرفة تجعلنا نضعه في صُفوف الأدباء دون مُجاملة. فللدجاني مسرحية لطيفة، وكتاب "رحلات ولحظات مُمتدة" يتعلَّق بأدب الخواطر والسفر والسياحة في أرجاء المعمورة. وللدجاني "رسائل إلى ولده " تقف إلى جانب رسائل أحمد أمين إلى أولاده. وللدجاني مُراجعات في مُذكراته " لقاء الكهل بالشاب الذي كانه " وهي عمل أدبي فريد يجمع بين ذاكرته المُتصلة بفن السينما، بالإضافة إلى أنها شيء من السيرة الذاتية. كما أن له مُراجعات أدبية ونقدية لعددٍ غير يسير من الأفلام العالمية والروايات التي يعرضها أو يُعيد النظر فيها بعين الأديب الناقد.