Rainfall-Runoff modeling is among the classical applications of hydrology. This paper examines the results of 3 hydrologic approaches, particularly Clark Model, Nash Model, and Geomorphic Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph Model. Assumptions are forwarded for the long run use of the Rawalpindi Division, Pakistan’s Small Dam Organization. The catchment of Shahpur Dam was an area under consideration for the study. The Digital elevation model (DEM) was implicated to measure the Nash and Clark model’s geomorphic parameters. Using ArcGIS, catchment satellite imagery was processed to estimate geomorphological parameters. The models have been applied to multiple storm cases. Geographic Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph (GIUH) model gave direct surface runoff hydrograph, whereas, on measured precipitation excess rainfall hyetograph was obtained. Four types of statistical parameters, namely efficiency of the model (EFF), percentage defect in time to attain peak (PETP), percent defect in attained peak Q (PEP), percentage defect in runoff rate (PEV) are used to check model’s efficiency. The comparison is done between the findings of Clark and Nash GIUH models and the original Clark and Nash models. It was observed that GIUH models are equally good even when optimization is done for Clark and Nash model’s parameters. Since the results obtained from these models are more credible, so, these models can be used in ungauged catchments to estimate the hydrographs.

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The aim of this study was to understand the effect that proactive personality has on individuals’ knowledge creation ability and innovative work behaviors. This study proposed a model which assists in understanding the effects that proactive personality has on innovative work behaviors through individual knowledge creation. The results were based on data that was collected through a cross-sectional field survey. The data consisted of a diverse paired sample of employees and their supervisors (N=249) who belonged to various organizations in Pakistan. The results of the main effects regression revealed that proactive personality had a positive relationship with both knowledge creation ability and innovative work behaviors. To test the mediating hypothesis, mediating regression analysis was used which showed that individual knowledge creation ability mediated the link between proactive personality and innovative work behaviors. The results of the mediation were also confirmed through a Sobel test.  The study adds to the body of knowledge by investigating the antecedents and outcomes of knowledge creation ability. In addition, it uniquely contributes to the body of research by providing an underlying mechanism through which proactive personality predicts innovative work behavior. The topic of individual knowledge creation ability that has been overlooked previously by research has been elaborated in this study.

Recently, the need of high living standards and developments in modern technology have significantly increased the usage of throwaway glass products. The use of these waste glass products in the production of construction materials (especially bricks) is ultimately very wholesome approach towards sustainable development. In this study, wasted glass up to 20% by weight was added to observe its impacts on bricks. The bricks containing powder glass were burnt along with ordinary bricks (with no powder glass) in same kiln and under same condition (type of fuel, temperature, duration etc.). The results illustrated that the properties of bricks vividly improved such as areal density, water absorption and efflorescence. The 20% increase of waste glass in the brick samples resulted in 14% decrease in areal density. The addition of fine powder glass filled the pores and reduced porosity of bricks. The substantial reduction in water absorption of 26.14% were observed with 20% addition of waste glass content. Also efflorescence was less in specimens having less quantity of waste glass burnt at higher temperatures. The present study presented a comprehensive analysis of waste glass as a mixing component for producing light weight sustainable bricks with improved water absorption properties.