Climate change incorporation in environmental assessment is a growing research area, particularly following the Paris agreement. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is considered in many quarters to be an important tool in factoring climate-related components in the planning and design of a project. However, many recent researches have shown that EIA has, so far, struggled in the attempt to incorporate climate change into its procedures. This study is an attempt to evaluate the level of consideration of climate change in the EIA process in Nigeria, with particular focus on the Niger Delta region. The result of this quantitative research shows that there is a poor political will to address climate change, as reflected in the absence of climate change requirements in the EIA guidelines of Nigeria. Although, there is a growing trend in the pattern of consideration of climate change in the EIA procedures, the overall level of consideration is still a far cry from the requirements if EIA is to be considered to be an important tool in addressing challenges of climate change in Nigeria.

In recent years,  development have been witnessed in the market expansion of agricultural inputs and products including substances and materials that improve the functioning of soil, plants and the interactions between soil and plant. This is a very broad category of products and substances that often bring innovative solutions in the field of fertilization and crop protection.The objective of this study is to improve the production of market garden where tomato plants in nurseries from powders of two green algae Ulva lactuca and Ulva intestinalis, harvested as bio-fertilizers in the west coast of Mostaganem province. They have minimal effects on the environment, including soil, subterranean water, River and Estuary ecosystems such as Cheliff River, biodiversity and global warming.The experimental part was carried out following the method of extraction of algae and used as a bio-fertilizer on tomato to its simplicity and accuracy, which is the subject of the study of the germination, growth and the development of young plants.The results of this study showed that algal powder of Ulva lactuca and Ulva intestinalis exhibit a remarkable stimulatory effect on the cultivation of tomato, which aims to improve their production, and evident when compared to controls setup. Keywords: seaweed, Mostaganem, River Ecosystem, eco-agriculture, smart agriculture, bio-fertilizers, tomato.

Fossil fuel such as coal, natural gas, oil and recently shale gas are perhaps the most economically viable means for energy generation but are laden with inexhaustible environmental consequences. Thus, biofuel development has received tremendous support from all quarters in response to quest for energy security and clean energy. However, the rapid rate of development of bioenergy has also raised concern chiefly for its nexus with food security with some scholar considering it a disaster especially for countries in the global south. Due to her prime location along the equator, and the generally favourable climatic conditions all through the year, Nigeria is considered to have enormous potential for bioenergy development. Unfortunately, Nigeria is also highly ranked in the 2018 Global Hunger Index (GHI) of International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Rested mainly on exploratory approach, this study analyses the bioenergy potential of Nigeria and the implications of the fast-rising market on food security in the Nigerian context. Critical investigation on the food crop-bioenergy trade-offs was conducted while bioenergy development implications were analysed in the context of the four dimensions of food security. Lastly, mitigative measures to bioenergy development impacts were discussed and one key proposition is need to strengthen the second and third generation technology for biofuel production in Nigeria.

Gender has been seen as an important factor in the distribution and utilization of productive resources worldwide. In the agricultural sector, gender differential could influence the sourcing and efficient utilization of factors of production, particularly in the livestock sub-sector of the economy. This study assessed the gender differentials in economic and technical efficiency of poultry eggs production in Lagos State, Nigeria. Multistage sampling technique was used to select respondent poultry farmers. The first and second stages were the purposive selection of five Local Government Areas (LGAs) reputed for poultry production and farm settlements in the state. The third stage involved a simple random sampling of 150 poultry farms consisting of 75 farms each managed by a male and a female Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA). The SFA revealed that for male management of poultry egg farms, labour input (p<0.01) and cost of medications (p<0.05) increased the poultry egg output. On the other hand, for female management, stock of birds (p<0.01), labour input (p<0.01) and feed cost (p<0.01) were the factors that increased poultry eggs output. The inefficiency model revealed that male farmers were more technically efficient (p<0.01) than female counterparts. Female managed poultry farms had less productivity (0.90) compared to males(1.22). However, 88.1% of male farms compared to 86.7% of female farms had economic efficiency ratios between 0.29 and 0.79. The study concluded that gender had impact on poultry farmers’ efficiency in the study area. The study therefore recommended that training  should be organised for female managed farms while male managed farms should utilize less of cost intensive capital input.Keywords:  Agricultural resource, poultry production, sustainable livestock, Multistage sampling technique, Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA)

An investigation was conducted in order to determine the etiological factors of Fry Mortality Syndrome (FMS) that causes a serious economical loss in rainbow trout's farms in Iran and around the world. The increased number of farms and the improvement of culture techniques and facilities in Iran had boosted the annual production of trout from 280 tonnes in 1978 to more than 30,000 tones in 2004. But unfortunately, in recent years, the rate of fry and juvenile mortalities has increased dramatically in some provinces. During 15 months, from Nov.2001 till Feb.2003, 104 tissue specimens consisting of liver, kidney, spleen, pancreas, intestine, and gills from 59 diseased fry as well as 45 infected fingerlings and suspected adults fish from Mazandaran, Tehran, Fars, Markazy, Kordestan, Kohgiloyeh and Boyerahmad provinces were collected for histopathological study. The clinical signs of the affected fry were darkening of the body, exophthalmia, ascites, erratic swimming and whirling, lethargy, gathering near the outlet of the ponds and presence of the faecal casts. Sampled tissues were fixed in 10 % buffered formalin for a minimum of 24 hours. The fixed tissues were processed in an automatic tissue processor using standard method. Processed tissues were embedded in paraffin wax and 5 µm sections were then cut using a rotary microtome. The sections were stained using H & E staining and examined under a compound microscope. Microscopic examination of the tissues revealed marked changes as follows. There were congestion and inflammation of the basal membrane of secondary lamellae, hyperplasia and fusion of secondary lamellae, and clubbing. In the kidney, congestion of blood vessels, degeneration and necrosis of hematopoietic tissue and tubules, increased melanin pigments and inflammatory cells infiltration were observed. In the liver, congestion of blood vessels of parenchyma, vacuolating changes in hepatocytes, congestion and dilation of sinusoids with the increased presence of monocytes and melanomacrophage centres (MMC) and focal necrosis were seen. Bile duct neoplasia (cholangioma) was also present in some cases. Spleen showed congestion, hemosiderosis, the increased presence of MMC and necrosis in some cases. In the pancreatic tissues, congestion, degeneration and necrosis of acinar cells and Islets of Langerhans were observed. Congestion of submucosal layer, necrosis and detachment columnar and mucous epithelial layer were also observed in the intestinal tissue. From clinical and histopathological changes seen, it was postulated that the causative agent of the trout fry mortality is likely to be a viral agent and the pathological signs were similar to IHN disease.